ESc102: Introduction to Electronics

Circuit Fundamentals:
quick
A Recap
A R Harish
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
IIT Kanpur
26, 27 July 2010
 Concepts
• Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, and Energy
• Ohm’s Law
• KCL
• KVL

2
Electrical Current

The time rate of flow of electrical charge

– The units are amperes (A), which are equivalent to

coulombs per second (C/s)

André-Marie Ampère
1775-1836
Current has a magnitude and a direction 3
Direct Current (DC) & Alternating Current (AC)

When current is constant with time, we say that we have direct current,
abbreviated as DC.

On the other hand, a current that varies with time, reversing direction
periodically, is called alternating current, abbreviated as AC 4
Voltage
Voltage difference is a Source of current flow

Units of Voltage: Volts (V)

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio

Anastasio Volta 1745-1827
V  V  12V

5
Electrical Systems are made of Voltage sources, wires and a variety of
electrical elements

Resistor Capacitor Inductor

Diode

Transistor
6
Transformer
Electrical Circuit

Connection of several circuit elements in closed paths by conductors

Before we learn how to analyze and design circuits, we must become familiar with
some basic circuit elements.

7
Resistance

v (t )  R  i (t )
Ohm’s law

The constant, R, is called the resistance of the component and is measured

in units of Ohm (Ω)

R
Resistor Symbol:
8
Conductance

v (t )
v (t )  R  i (t ) i (t )   G  v(t )
R

G = 1/R is called conductance and its unit

is Siemens (S)

Ernst Werner von Siemens

1816-1892

9
 v
R
i
i
G
v

10
 Tutorial
Laboratory
(8 am to Tutor
(2 pm to 5 pm)
Sec 8:55 am)

Day Venue Venue Name Email Phone

F1 Mon CL 102B TB 101 Dr. U. Das utpal 7150
F2 Mon CL 102B TB 102 Dr. G. Sharma govind 7922
F3 Thurs CL 102B TB 103 Dr. K. Vasudevan vasu 7109
F4 Thurs CL 102B TB 104 Dr. P. Sircar sircar 7063
F5 Tue CL 102B TB 105 Dr. J. Akhtar mjakhtar 6523
F6 Tue CL 102B TB106 Dr. Y.N. Singh ynsingh 7944
F7 Wed CL 102B TB 107 Dr. S. Gupta sumana 7310
F8 Wed CL 102B TB 108 Dr. A. Biswas abiswas 7319
Dr. A.K. Chaturvedi
-- -- TB 109 akc 7613
(Tut only)
F9
Mr. A. Roy (Lab
Fri CL 102B -- aroy 6168
only) 11
CL 102B

12
 Expectations 
Expectation % responses
Practical Examples, Applications, 30
Implementation
Learn the basics/concepts 27
Enjoy, fun learning, interesting 15
Knowledge 9
Good Grades 6
Informal Learning/Innovative Teaching/Healthy 6
student teacher interaction
Easy/less academic load 3 13
Ohm’s law
v (t )  R  i (t )

Any electrical element which obeys ohms law

can be modeled as a resistor

Can we model an electric bulb as a resistor?

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Electric Bulb

15
Electric Bulb

Even though characteristics are non-linear, over a certain

range, the bulb can be thought of as a resistor 16
Power and Energy

12V
Q The charge loses energy = Q x 12 Joules

X
This energy is taken from the voltage
source and delivered to the circuit
element
0V

A charge of 1 coulomb receives or delivers an energy of

1 joule in moving through a voltage of 1 volt.

dw
v
dq
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Power:

dw dq
v i
dq dt
dw dw dq
P(t )    v(t ) i (t )
dt dq dt
t2
dw
P (t )   w   p (t )dt
dt t1
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Power

V1
I
P  (V1  V2 )  I
X

V2

If V1 > V2 then P is positive and it means that power is being

delivered to the electrical element X

If V1 < V2 then P is negative and it means that power is being

extracted from the electrical element X.
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X is a source of power !
Note on the direction of current

-2A
X X
2A

Similarly for the voltage between two points

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Examples

12V
1A P= ?

X
P  (V1  V2 )  I
 (12  6)  1  6W
6V

12V
1A P= ?

X P  (V1  V2 )  I
 (12  6)  1   6W
6V
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6V P= ?
1A

X P  (V1  V2 )  I
 (6  12)  1  6W
12V

22
There is only one battery in the circuit. Can you find which element is a
battery?
2.5 V 2.5 V
- + + -
+ +
+
1A 1A
2.5 V 5V 2.5 V
2A
- - -

A battery is a source of power, so P is negative

Answer is C
Is energy conserved in this circuit? 23
Power dissipated in a Resistor

+ v
i v i R i
v R R
- P vi

P i  R2

2
v
P
R 24
Circuit Analysis

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

What is current in R2 ?

Procedure:

Use Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current law

(KCL) to transform the circuit into a set of equations whose
solution gives the required voltage or current value 25
Engineering Analysis

Real-life System
Fuse

Abstract Model

Mathematical
problem

Fuse

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Nodes and loops

Node: A point where 2 or more circuit elements are connected.

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

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A loop is formed by tracing a closed path through circuit
elements without passing through any intermediate node more
than once

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

This is not a valid loop !

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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

Sum of currents entering a node is equal to sum of currents

leaving a node

i1  i2  i3
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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
N
Net current entering a node is zero i
1
j 0

Current entering a node is considered negative and current

leaving a node is considered as positive

 i1  i2  i3  0

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 i3  i4

ia  4 A ib   2 A 31
ic   8 A
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Example

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KCL: More general formulation

The sum of currents entering/leaving a closed surface is zero.

i1 i2

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

i3 i4

 i1  i2  i3  i4  0
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Series Circuit

Two elements are connected in series if there is no other

element connected to the node joining them

A, B and C are in series

The elements have the same current going through them

ia  ib  ic 35
A and B are in series E, F and G are in series

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Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of the voltages equals zero for any

closed path (loop) in an electrical circuit

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Example

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KVL and Conservation of Energy

V1 The charge loses energy = Q x (V1-V2) Joules

Q

V2

Energy gained Energy lost

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KVL: law of conservation of Energy
Parallel Circuits

Two elements are connected in parallel if both ends of one

element are connected directly to corresponding ends of
the other

A and B are connected in parallel

D, E and F are connected in parallel

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The voltage across parallel elements are equal (both magnitude
and polarity)

va  vb  vc
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Example

3  5  vc  0  vc  8V

vc  ( 10)  ve  0  ve   2V
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Use KVL , KCL and Ohm’s law to solve the given problem

43
 Use ohm’s law : v = I x R

i1 = ? + v1 -

+ + +
0.5A 1A
v2=5V 5V 5V

- - -

Apply KCL at the indicated node

i1  0.5  1  1  0  i1  2.5 A
v1  i1  5  12.5V
vx  v1  v2  12.5  5  17.5V 44