Technological University of the Philippines-Taguig

MATH 8-LESSON 8

PROBABILITY
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PROBABILITY
 Probability
 Is used to denote the relative likelihood of a certain
event occurring compared with the relative
likelihood of all other probabilities.
 Are represented mathematically as fractions,
decimals, or percentage.

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PROBABILITY
   Types of Probability
Three
 CLASSICAL METHOD OF ASSIGNING PROBABILITIES
 Assigned based on laws and rules, that involves an
experiment, which is a process that produces outcomes; and
event, which is an outcome of an experiment.
 Often called priori probability
 Defines the probability

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PROBABILITY
   Types of Probability
Three
 RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURENCE
 Is based on cumulated historical data.
 Probability of an event occurring is equal to the number of times the event
has occurred in the past divided by the total number of opportunities for the
event to have occurred.
 Is not based on rules or laws but on what has occurred in the past.
 Defines the probability that an event will occur is

Where:
is the number of items an event occurred
is the total number of opportunities for the event to occur.

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PROBABILITY
Three Types of Probability
 SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITY
 Is based on the feelings or insights of the person determining
the probability.
 Probability of an event by individual based on whatever
evidence is available.
 Comes from the person’s intuition or reasoning
 Based on the accumulation of knowledge, understanding,
experience stored and processed on the human mind.
 Can be used to capitalize on the background of experienced
workers and managers in decision-making.

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PROBABILITY
Sample Spaces and Events
Sample space-is a complete roster or listing of all elementary
events for an experiment or the set of all possible outcomes of
statistical experiment.

Experiment is a process that produces outcomes or any process or

activity that generates a set of data.

Event is an outcome of an experiment.

Elementary events are events that cannot be decomposed or

broken down into other events.

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PROBABILITY
Sample Spaces and Events
Example: Two coins are tossed. Represent the sample space for this
experiment by making a list, a table, and a tree
c. Tree diagram.
Diagram
a. List
H HH
HH HT TH TT
b. Table H
T HT
Coins H T H TH
H HH HT T
T TH TT T TT

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PROBABILITY
 
Operations with Events 1. Let A={1,3,5,7} and
1. Union of Events  
B={2,4,6,8}
 The union of events, A and B, Then,
denoted by symbol , is the event
containing all the elements that 2. Let A={a,b,c,d} and B={c,d,e,f)
belong to A or to B or to both. Then,

A B

 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩= { 𝒙| 𝒙 ∈ 𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ∈ 𝑩 } 8
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PROBABILITY
 
Operations with Events 1. Let A={1,2,3,4,5,6,7} and
2. Intersection of Events  
B={2,4,5,6,7,8,9}
 The intersection of events, A and Then,
B, denoted by symbol , is the event
consist all the elements that are 2. Let P={a,b,c,d,e} and
common A and to B. Q={a,e,i,o,uf)
Then,

A B

 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩= { 𝒙| 𝒙 𝜺 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝜺 𝑩 } 9
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PROBABILITY
 
Operations with Events 1. Let A={a,b,c,d} and B={f,g,h}
 
Then, , that is, A and B have
3. Mutually Exclusive Events
no elements in common.
 Two events A and B are mutually
exclusive if ; that is A and B have 2. Let P={1,3,5,7,9} and
no elements in common.
Q={2,4,6,8)
Then, , since the two sets have
no sample points in common.

A B

 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩= { 𝒙| 𝒙 𝜺 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝜺 𝑩 } 10
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PROBABILITY
Operations with Events 1. Let S={King, Queen, Jack,
4. Compliment of an Event   Nine} and A={Jack, Ten,
Ten,
 The compliment of an event A Nine}
with respect to S is the set of all Then,
the elements of S that are not A.
 Then the element of A may be
2. Let S={1,3,5,7,9,11} and
listed in roster or defined by the
A={1,5,7,11}
rule method
Then, .
 𝑨={ 𝒙| 𝒙 ∈ 𝑺 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ∈ 𝑨 } .
S

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PROBABILITY
  
Operations with Events
Other Operations

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PROBABILITY
   of Probability
Rules   Mutually Exclusive
a.
1. THE ADDITION RULE Two events are mutually
 If A and B are any two events, then exclusive if they both cannot occur
together.
S b. Complementary Events
If A and A’ are complimentary
events, then
A  𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 B

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PROBABILITY
   of Probability
Rules
1. The Addition Rules
Examples:
2. What is the probability of drawing black card or a face card?

2. What is the probability of drawing a diamond card or black card or a king of hearts?
Ans. (10/13)
3. The probability that a student passes Statistics is , and the probability that he passes
Science is . If the probability of passing at least one subject is , what is the probability
that he will pass both subjects?
Ans. 7/24
4. What is the probability of getting 9 or 10 when a pair of dice is tossed?
Ans.
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PROBABILITY
   of Probability
Rules
1. The Addition Rules
Complementary Events
If A and A’ are complimentary events, then

Examples:
2. From a bag containing 5 red, 7 blue, and 3 green balls; a ball is drawn. Find the
probability that the ball is not red.
Ans. 2/3
3. A coin is tossed four times in succession. What is the probability that at least one tail
occurs?
Ans. 63/64
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PROBABILITY
Rules of Probability
  Conditional Probability
c.
The conditional probability of B, given A, denoted by P(B/A), is
given by the equation:

1. The probability that Albert will pass Statistics is 0.70. The probability
that he will pass English is 0.80; and the probability that he will pass
Statistics and English is 0.50. Find the probability that Albert will pass
Statistics given that he will pass English.
Ans. 62.5%
2. The probability of a blown fuse is 12%, the probability of broken
electrical wire is 8%, and the probability of a blown fuse and broken
electrical wire is 3%. What is the probability of having broken electrical
wire given a blown fuse?
Ans. 25%
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PROBABILITY
 Rules of Probability
d. Independent Events
Two events are said to be independent events if information about
one does not change the probability of the others.
Two events are said to be dependent events if information about
one event does change the probability of the others.
Two events, A and B, are independent if either or otherwise, A
and B are dependent.

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PROBABILITY
Rules of Probability
Examples:
1. Suppose a box contains 7 red and 9 blue balls. If two balls are drawn in succession,
the first drawn is red and is replaced in the box before the second ball is drawn.
What is the probability that the second ball is blue?
Ans. 9/16
2. Marlon is given 85% chance of getting a grade of 90% in Calculus provided that he
solves all the problems in the final examination. However there is a 20% chance that
he will not be able to solve all the problems. What is the probability that he will
obtain a grade of 90%?
Ans. 68%
3. Two pieces of marble are drawn from a jar containing 5 green, 7 yellow, and 9 orange
marbles. Find the probability that the first marble is green and the second is yellow?
a. If the marble is replaced in the jar before the second marble is drawn
Ans. 5/63
b. If the first is not replaced
Ans. 1/12
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PROBABILITY
Rules of Probability
  THE MULTIPLICATION RULE
2.
a. If in an experiment the events A and B can both
occur, then:

b. If two events A and B are independent, then;

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PROBABILITY
Rules of Probability
Examples:
1. Suppose that a school purchases 50 computers of which 5 are defective. If 2
computers are selected at random without replacing the first , what is the
probability that both computers are defective.
Ans. 2/245
2. A university has 5 engines and one ambulance available for emergencies. The
probability that the five engines are available when needed is 0.88, and the
probability that the ambulance is available when called is 0.79. in the event that
an emergency occurred, find the probability that both the ambulance and the
five engines are available.
Ans. 69.52%
3. One bag contains 10 red balls and 15 blue balls; and a second bag contains 7 red
balls, and 11 blue balls. One ball is drawn from the first bag and placed unseen
in the second bag. What is the probability that the ball drawn from the second
bag is blue?
Ans. 58/95 20
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PROBABILITY
Rules of Probability
  THE MULTIPLICATION RULE
2.
c. Generalized Multiplication Rule
If in an experiment the events can occur then;

Example:
Three cards are drawn in succession without replacement
from an ordinary deck of playing cards. Find the probability
that the first card is black king, the second is an ace or queen,
and the third is greater than five but less than 10.
Ans. 32/16575

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END OF PRESENTATION