LUBRICATION AND ROTOR DYNAMICS (ME – 60072)

INTRODUCTION: Study of Lubrication and rotary machinery

Rotor Bearing System Lubrication

Mihir Sarangi
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering Introduction to Lubrication

January, 2011
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur & Rotor Dynamics
 Introduction to Lubrication and Rotor Dynamics
Disc Wr
ω Bearing
Wa
Shaft

Support

Rolling Element Bearings

Many machine elements that are fluid film-lubricated have
surfaces that do not conform to each other well. The full
burden of the load must then be carried by the small lubricant
area. Some example of nonconformal surfaces are mating
gear teeth, cams and followers, and rolling-element bearings.
Hydrodynamic Bearings (Journal Bearings)
Conformal surfaces fit snugly into each other with a high
degree of geometrical conformity, so that the load is carried
over a relatively large area. Fluid film journal bearings and
slider bearings have conformal surfaces.

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 Bearings

Rolling Element Bearings Journal bearing

Magnetic bearing Thrust pad bearing

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 Selection of Bearings

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 Fluid Film Bearings
Types of Fluid film bearings: Hydrodynamic bearings

Full (3600) journal bearings are widely used bearings in industrial machinery. These bearings can take up
rotating radial load. As high speed is essential to generate fluid film self-action, hydrodynamic bearings
have found applications mostly in high speed machinery such as turbines, turbogenerators, turbopumps
etc.

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 Types of Fluid film bearings: Hydrostatic bearings
Hydrostatic bearing is used to provide full film lubrication when the speed of the mating surfaces is not
large enough to create hydrodynamic lubrication. The load supporting film is maintained by an external
source. Hence these bearings are also called externally pressurized bearings, can meet some extreme
requirements, such as
very low frictional characteristics But the major disadvantages associated with
# heavy loads at low speeds # auxiliary equipment (pump, filter, oil supply line etc.) are required,
# high positional accuracy. hence more complicated, expensive and liable to failure, and
# overall power loss (pumping and fiction) is not necessarily low.

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 Types of Fluid film bearings: Squeeze film bearings
The squeeze-film technology is mainly seen in the following machine components:
• The time of approach of faces of disc clutch under lubricated conditions.
• The mechanism of walking with rubber soles on wet or icy pavements.
• The absorption of vibrations in jet engines using annular squeeze films between the engine bearings and
their support, and
• The rolling characteristics of an automobile tire on a wet road.

(A) (B) (C)

Parallel surface bearing A sphere near a plane

Step bearing (A)
A circular cylinder near a plane (B)
A parallel circular plate (C)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
A sphere in a spherical seat
A rectangular plate on a plane surface
A journal bearing
07 Introduction to Lubrication
& Rotor Dynamics
 Types of Fluid film bearings: Hybrid fluid film bearings

Hydrodynamic thrust and journal

bearing

Externally pressurized multi-recess

journal bearings system

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 Types of Fluid film bearings: Special purpose fluid film bearings

Pivoted tilting pads Cooling coils

Tilting pad journal bearing

Pivoted tilting thrust pads

Oil container

Tilting pad thrust bearing

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Types of Fluid film bearings: Special purpose fluid film bearings

Herringbone grooved journal bearing (hard disk drive)

Textured thrust pad bearing (for low leakage and reverse pumping)

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 Fluid film bearings
Types of Fluid film lubrication: Oil lubrication
Gas / Air lubrication
For gas / air lubrication:
• The surfaces should be finished with high accuracy
• The alignment between the journal and bearing must be very good
• The dimensions and clearances must be accurate
• The speed must be high
• The load should be relatively low

Self instability in journal bearings: half whirl instability

90 90
90 1 1
1
120 60 120 60
120 60
0.8 0.8
0.8
MW=12 0.6 MW=13 0.6
MW=11 0.6
150 30 150 Wr=0.36 30 150 30
0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2

180 180 0 180 0

0 1 3
4

210 2 330 210 330

210 330

240 300 240 300

240 300
270 270 270

Stable Marginally Stable Unstable

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 Instability in fluid film journal bearings
300 MW steam turbine generator

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Pressurized fluid bearings

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 Rolling Element Bearings

The potential of true rolling motion for low-friction supports was fully recognized by Leonardo da Vinci,
for he wrote in the Codex Madrid I:

I affirm, that if a weight of a flat surface moves on a

similar plane their movement will be facilitated by inter-
posing between them balls or rollers; and I do not see
any difference between balls and rollers save the fact
that balls have universal motion while rollers can move
in one direction alone. But if balls or rollers touch each
other in their motion, they will make the movement more
difficult than if there were no contact between them,
because their touching is by contrary motions and this
friction cause contrariwise movements.

But if the balls or rollers are kept at a distance from each other, they will touch at one
point only between the load and its resistance… and consequently it will be easy to
generate this movement.

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 Rolling Element Bearings

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 Rolling Element Bearings
Classification of rolling element bearings :
Based on geometry (type of rolling element):

Ball bearing Roller bearing Needle bearing

Based on loading:

Radial Thrust Combined radial and thrust

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 General Classification of rolling
element bearings :

Rolling Element Bearing Manufacturers

Check their websites for more information !!!

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Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
 Ball Bearings
Deep groove Ball Bearing Angular contact Ball Bearing

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 Roller Bearings
Cylindrical Roller Bearing Tapered Roller Bearing Spherical Roller Bearing

Large capacity Long endurance for heavy loads

Long-life requirements Long endurance for shock forces
Unless rollers are contoured, they can support load in only one direction (radial or thrust)
Most roller bearings support, both radial and thrust loads
If contact angle is less than 450, bearing has larger radial load capacity
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 Thrust Bearings
Thrust ball bearing Thrust Roller bearing

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 Rolling Element Bearings

Compensate for certain degree

of misalignment
Very limited axial load capacity,
only radial load

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 Special application Bearings
Linear motion bearings Miniature bearings

Precise linear motion

Used as liner actuators / sensors
Very low friction compared to
conventional screw arrangements
Both radial and axial load
capacity

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 Today's Rolling Element Bearings

Radial Deep Groove Ball Bearing Angular Contact Ball Bearing Thrust Ball Bearing

Radial Deep Groove Ball Bearing Angular Contact Ball Bearing Cylindrical Roller Bearing
Filling Slot Filling Slot

Needle Roller Bearing with Self – Aligning Ball Bearing Tapered Roller Bearing
Hardened Raceways

Needle Roller Bearing Drawn Cup Thrust Needle Roller Bearing Self – Aligning Roller Bearing

Radial Deep Groove

Thrust Spherical
Thrust Roller Bearing Thrust Tapered Roller Bearing Ball Bearing
Roller Bearing
External Alignment
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 Rolling Element Bearings
single-row deep groove ball bearing, light weight, with bore diameter 17mm, double shielded,

Bearing Nomenclature: Part number 6203ZZ

Type Code Series Bore Suffix

1 - Self-aligning ball bearing 7 - Not sure ** x 5 = Z - Single shielded
2 - Wide self-aligning ball bearing 8 - Extra thin section bore ZZ - Double shielded
diameter
22 - Self-aligning roller bearing 9 - Very thin section RS - Single sealed
23 - Wide self-aligning roller bearing 0 - Extra light 2RS - Double sealed
3 - Double-row angular contact ball 1 - Extra light thrust 09 - 45mm V - Single non-contact seal
bearing 2 - Light 11 - 55mm VV - Double non-contact seal
4 - Double-row ball bearing 3 - Medium DDU - Double contact seals
5 - Thrust ball bearing 4 - Heavy
except NR - Snap ring and groove
6 - Single-row deep groove ball bearing M - Brass cage
16 - Thin section single-row deep groove 00 - 10mm
ball bearing 01 - 12mm
7 - Single-row angular contact bearing 02 - 15mm
03 - 17mm
R - Inch (non-metric) bearing

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 Ball Bearings
NTN Bearing Corporation

More than 125 Rolling Element Bearings are manufactured per second Worldwide

Yesterday Today Tomorrow

 Rolling Element Bearings

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 Rolling Element Bearings

 Roller Bearings

 Ball Bearings

ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION (EHL)

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is form of

hydrodynamic lubrication, where the elastic deformation
of the lubricated surfaces becomes significant. The
features important is a hydrodynamically lubricated
slider bearing – converging film thickness, sliding
motion, and a viscous fluid between the surfaces – are
also important here. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is
normally associated with nonconformal surfaces.

EHL Pressure development

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 Lubricant properties
Types of lubricant:
(i) Mineral oils , (ii) Greases , (iii) Synthetic oils , (iv) Solid lubricants

Mineral oil or liquid petrolatum is a by-product in the distillation of petroleum to

produce gasoline. It is a chemically inert, transparent, colorless oil.
Types: (a) Paraffins , (b) Napthenes , (c) Aromatics (Unsaturated)

Greases are oils that are thickened with solids to form semi-fluid products.

Solid lubricants are used for high temperature and/or low pressure, normal lubricants are unstable.
Should have (a) thermal stability, (b) low shear strength , (c) surface protection , (d) good bonding
properties
Like graphite and molybdenum disulphide

Synthetic oil is oil consisting of chemical compounds which were not originally present in crude oil
(petroleum) but were artificially made (synthesized) from other compounds. Synthetic oil could be made to
be a substitute for petroleum or specially made to be a substitute for a lubricant oil such as conventional
(or mineral) motor oil refined from petroleum. When a synthetic oil is made as a substitute for petroleum, it
is generally produced because of a shortage of petroleum or because petroleum is too expensive.

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 Lubricant properties

Electro-, Magneto- and/or Electro-Magneto-Rheological fluids.

Side-view photographs showing the chain formation of ER

fluid under an electric field for corn starch mixed with Si oil
at 0.5 Wt% under E= 900 V mm−1, respectively.

Electro-rheological (ER) and/or Electo-magneto-rheplogical (EMR) fluids are vital in the

development of miniature bearings for space application and also for medical systems.

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