Professional Documents
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Comprehensive Approach To Power System Security
Comprehensive Approach To Power System Security
COMP - 2 1539pk
Challenges to Secure Operation of
Today's Power Systems
COMP - 3 1539pk
Comprehensive Approach to System
Security
COMP - 4 1539pk
Power System Controls and
Protective Relaying
COMP - 5
1539pk
Normal State Controls
Generator controls:
excitation controls: AVR, PSS
prime-mover, energy supply system controls
Transmission controls:
voltage regulators
switched reactors/capacitors, SVCs
HVDC and FACTS controls
COMP - 6 1539pk
Preventive and Emergency Controls
Preventive Controls
Generation shifting
Increase in VAR reserve
Emergency Controls
Generator tripping
Generation runback/fast valving
Load shedding
Dynamic braking
Transient excitation boosting
HVDC link rapid power ramping
Controlled system separation
Transformer tap-changer blocking
COMP - 7 1539pk
Power System Controls in the New
Environment
COMP - 8 1539pk
Implications of Ownership
COMP - 9 1539pk
Generator Controls
COMP - 10 1539pk
Coordinated Design of Robust
Controls
COMP - 11 1539pk
Analytical Techniques for Design of
Normal Controls
cont’d
COMP - 12 1539pk
Analytical Techniques (cont’d)
cont’d
COMP - 13 1539pk
Analytical Techniques (cont'd)
COMP - 14 1539pk
Improved Protective Relaying
COMP - 15 1539pk
Defense Plans Against Extreme
Contingencies
COMP - 16
1539pk
Extreme Contingencies (ECs)
COMP - 17 1539pk
Defense Plans to Minimize Impact of
Extreme Contingencies
COMP - 18 1539pk
Steps in the Development of a
Defense Plan
Detailed modeling of power system, including fast and slow processes triggered by EC’s:
includes wide range of protection and controls
Identification of scenarios of ECs:
based on past experience, knowledge of unique characteristics of system
probabilistic approach
Simulation and analysis of contingencies:
extended time-domain simulation
Identification of measures to minimize the causes of ECs:
improved protection/controls;
better coordination
Development of a comprehensive set of emergency controls to mitigate consequences of ECs
COMP - 19 1539pk
Guidelines for Design and
Deployment of a Good Defense Plan
COMP - 20 1539pk
Power System Restoration
COMP - 21
1539pk
Power System Restoration
Even if power systems are designed and operated in the best possible manner:
impossible to prevent all contingencies which could cause widespread blackouts
While the physical extent of the blackout is a concern, the duration is equally
important:
detailed restoration plans required
The new competitive environment requires a well documented and organized plan:
to ensure that the system, with its numerous independent entities, can be
re-energized safely and quickly
Successful system restoration has been a challenge for traditional monopolistic
environment:
will be a greater challenge in the new competitive structure with many owners
COMP - 22 1539pk
Power System Restoration Process
COMP - 23 1539pk
Key Issues for System Restoration
COMP - 24 1539pk
Analytical Tools for Developing
Restoration Plans
Steady-state analysis:
power flow analysis, including examination of sustained overvoltages; fault level
calculation; harmonic analysis
Quasi steady-state analysis:
operator training simulator, long-term dynamic simulation
Dynamic analysis:
transient stability (TS) programs for verifying subsystem resynchronization
extended TS programs for verifying startup of auxiliaries of power plants, i.e., large
induction motors
ElectroMagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) for analysis of switching transients
COMP - 25 1539pk
Reliability Management System
COMP - 26
1539pk
Reliability Management System
(RMS)
COMP - 27 1539pk
Components of Reliability
Management System
COMP - 28 1539pk
On-Line Dynamic Security
Assessment
COMP - 29
1539pk
Dynamic Security Assessment
(DSA)
A challenging task
changing system conditions; complexity and size of power systems
COMP - 30 1539pk
Components of DSA
COMP - 31 1539pk
On-Line Voltage Stability
Assessment Package
COMP - 32
1539pk
Key Elements of VSA
COMP - 33 1539pk
Contingency Selection Module
COMP - 34 1539pk
Fig. 4 Automatic Critical Contingency Selection
COMP - 35 1539pk
Security Computation Module
COMP - 36 1539pk
Modelling:
generator capability curves
governor response, economic dispatch, AGC
nonlinear loads
control of ULTCs, switched shunts, etc.
COMP - 37 1539pk
Secure Operating Region
COMP - 38 1539pk
Secure Operating Region
COMP - 39 1539pk
Remedial Measures Module
COMP - 40 1539pk
Ranking and Applying Remedial
Measures
Objective is to identify the most effective remedial measures to give the desired
stability margin
Obtain solved power flow case for the most severe contingency
gradually introduce the effect of the contingency
bus injection compensation technique
Compute the sensitivities of reactive power (or bus voltage) to different control
measures
rank the remedial measures
Apply controls one at a time in order of ranking until power flow solves for the
most severe contingency
COMP - 41 1539pk
Expanding the Secure Region:
Remedial Measures
COMP - 42 1539pk
Fast Time-Domain Simulation
Module
COMP - 43 1539pk
Fig. 3 VSAT Structure
COMP - 44 1539pk
Transient Stability Assessment
Package
COMP - 45
1539pk
Transient Stability Assessment
(TSA)
COMP - 46 1539pk
Key Elements of TSA
COMP - 47 1539pk
A Practical Tool for TSA
No modeling compromises;
can handle multi-swing instability
COMP - 48 1539pk
EEAC
COMP - 49 1539pk
EEAC
At any given
point in the time-
domain
trajectory of the
system, the
system can be
visualized as a
one-machine-
infinite-bus
(OMIB) system
COMP - 50 1539pk
EEAC
Ad Aa
100 x if the system is stable Ad Aa
Ad
A Aa
100 x d if the system is unstable Aa Ad
Aa
COMP - 51 1539pk
Use of EEAC Theory
Contingency screening
stability margin gives an indication of the relative severity
Corrective measures for maintaining secure system operation
critical cluster of generators (CCG) provides valuable information
Power transfer limit search
stability limit can be determined in four iterations using stability margin
each iteration involves a detailed simulation and computation of
stability index
COMP - 52 1539pk
Results - Test System
System description
BC Hydro system
1430 buses
186 generators
4 HVDC links
Interface
Contingency
COMP - 53 1539pk
Limit Search Results
COMP - 54 1539pk
Speed Enhancement: Parallel
Processing
Code parallelization
differential equations easily parallelized, but not network equations
speed-ups limited by serial slowdown effect
up to 7 times speed-up can be achieved with 20-30 processors
not an effective way
Conventional serial computers offer much faster computational per-CPU
Best approach is to use multiple processors
Perform TS analysis and VS analysis in parallel
For multiple contingencies
perform initialization only once
run contingencies on multiple processors
COMP - 55 1539pk
TSAT Structure
Solved Powerflow
+
Dynamic Data
Contingency
Full
Transaction Screening & Ranking Contingency List
Definitions (EEAC)
Must Run
Contingencies
Powerflow
Dispatcher
Time-Domain
Simulation
Increase
Transfer
Stability
Indices
No
Security Limit?
Yes
Sufficient No Remedial
Margin? Measures
Yes
STOP
COMP - 57 1539pk
Example of Computational
Performance of VSAT
COMP - 58 1539pk
Example of Computational
Performance of TSAT
COMP - 59 1539pk
Summary
COMP - 60 1539pk
New and Emerging Technologies
Intelligent Control
COMP - 61 1539pk
Real-Time Monitoring and
Control
COMP - 62
1539pk
Real-Time Wide Area Monitoring
COMP - 63 1539pk
Wide Area Monitoring Current
Applications
transmission overloading
Disturbance recording
for calibration of power system model
COMP - 64 1539pk
WAM Potential Future Applications:
Wide Area Emergency Control
COMP - 65 1539pk
Risk-Based
Dynamic System Assessment
COMP - 66
1539pk
Dynamic Security Assessment
Current Practice
COMP - 67 1539pk
Risk-Based Dynamic Security
Assessment
COMP - 68 1539pk
Intelligent Control
COMP - 69
1539pk
Power System Control
COMP - 70 1539pk
Utilities
OPERATIONS Energy Providers
PLANNING Power Marketers
System Models
Load Forecast Off-Line
Contingency Lists Security Limits
Security Criteria Transaction Requests
MONITORED
QUANTITIES State Estimator Look-up tables of
Human
Build Model for Security Limits
Current System State Controls
SYSTEM CONTROL
CONTROL DECISIONS
CENTER
Automatic CONTROL
Local Generation
Controls ACTIONS
Other Control
Centers
Human Controls
Automatic
Local Transmission and Distribution
Controls
Interconnected
Automatic
Local Customers
Controls
Human Controls
COMP - 71 1539pk
Intelligent Control of Power
Systems
COMP - 72 1539pk
Distributed Generation
COMP - 73 1539pk
Distributed Generation (DG)
COMP - 74 1539pk