PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

 DATE: JULY 14,2018

 PRESENTED BY: MR. FLORANTE P. DE LEON,
MBA,CB
 RESEARCH EXPERIENCE AND
KNOWLEDGE
 The development of the society from its simple to complex state will reveal the
many varied problems faced by human kind.
 Thus, solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on beliefs, guesses
or theories.
 To acquire knowledge and to continuously evaluate its accuracy and usefulness
requires a well planed and systematic procedure on which research has been
devised to meet this need.
 Research is a systematic investigation. It is a process of Inquiring.
 NATURE OF INQUIRY

 Inquiry is defined as a “ seeking for truth, information or knowledge”.

 The information is sought through questioning.
 Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth still death.
 The process of inquiry begins with gathering information and data through
applying the various human senses.
 Unfortunately, traditional educational system has discourage the natural process
of inquiry. The students become more inhibited in asking questions and are not
challenged either to answer high level questions.
 NATURE OF INQUIRY

 As they move through grade levels, students in traditional schools learn not to
ask too many questions; instead, they are asked to listen and repeat expected
answer. This kind of training is carried on even after they graduate.
 The rationale why this is necessary is that generating and transmitting
knowledge can move from the known to unknown ad vice-verse.
 When knowledge moves from unknown, there is a need to generate that
knowledge through research experts.
 Content or knowledge is effectively generated and transmitted through
concepts, skills and habits of mind.
 NATURE OF INQUIRY

 Hence, the focus in education must change from a focus on “ what we know” to
an emphasis of “ how we come to know”
 The exploratory nature of inquiry allows individuals particularly students to
grapple with different ways of looking at ideas ad issues and to think creatively
about problems that do not possess simple answer.
 Experience and Knowledge

 Experience is a familiar and well-used source of knowledge.

 Example :As a student, you try several routes in going to school. You try to find
out which way takes the least time or the most traffic free. By going through
personal experiences, you can find many answers to questions that you may
have.” Experience is the best teacher”.
 However, one may be limited in terms of experiences as a source of knowledge.
Events may happen in the same way but may have different effects on
individuals.
 Experience and Knowledge

 In education, observation at classroom situations may yield different results

depending on who the observer is, and what he is focused on. Or the same event
may be observed but one can look at the positive aspects while the other can
report negative ones.
 For things thought that are difficult or impossible to know by personal
experiences, you may turn to an authority. Particularly in research, knowledge is
sought from other people who had experienced what the problem is or some
other sources of expertise. Example our experience to consult with doctor,
lawyer or even a teacher for academic purposes.
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?

 Research is an investigation following ordered steps leading to a discovery of

new information or concepts (Sanchez, 1999).
 Research is a systematic investigation and study of materials ad sources to
establish facts and reach new conclusion.
 Research is a very careful investigation of something that purports the
contribution of additional or new knowledge and wisdom (Bassey, as cited by
Coleman & Briggs, 2002).
 Research follows a step-by-step process of investigation that uses a standardized
approach in answering questions or solving problems (Polit & Beck, 2004).
 CHARACTERISTICSOF RESEARCH

 1. The research should be systematic

There is a system to follow in conducting research as there is a system for
formulating each of its parts. There is a big system (macro) and under it are
small systems (micro). In research writing, what is referred to as the
“system” is composed of the chapters and their elements. The macrosystem
is composed of chapters that are organized in a logical and scientific manner.
On the other hand, the microsystem consists of the detailed contents of each
chapter. The contents are further divided into elements that are organized
following a systematic procedure.
 CHARACTERISTICSOF RESEARCH
 2. The research should be objective.

Research involves the objective process of analyzing phenomena of

importance to any profession or to different fields or disciplines
(Nieswiadomy, 2005).
A researcher should objectively look at the basis on which the work is
founded. He or she must never produce results out of nowhere; the results of
the research should be validated. These results must never be based from
biases. It is very important for the researcher to clarify indicators and
boundaries within which the research is confined because these factors could
affect objectivity.
 CHARACTERISTICSOF RESEARCH
 3. The research should be feasible.
Any problem of extraordinary nature that directly or indirectly affects any
profession is a feasible problem to study. In settings like in the community,
school, or workplace, unusual phenomena may happen and can turn into
potential problems.
 CHARACTERISTICSOF RESEARCH
 4. The research should be empirical.

There should be supporting pieces of evidence and accompanying details for

every variable used in the study. References and citations of facts and
information that the researcher has gathered in his or her paper must be
included
 CHARACTERISTICSOF RESEARCH
 Plagiarism constitutes claiming another person’s idea or intellectual
property as one’s own. Through proper attribution, the researcher
states that the knowledge being shared through the study was taken
from the study of other experts.
 CHARACTERISTICSOF RESEARCH
 5. The research should be clear.
The choice of variables used in the study should be explained by the
researcher. This can be done by enriching the review of literature or by
discussing the different theories on which the selection of the variables is
based. Therefore, there must be sufficient indicators for each variable. These
variables can be gathered from different published and unpublished
materials.
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
 The research paradigm is an outline that guides the researcher in
conceptualizing and conducting the research. An effective research must
address these two important aspects: research foundations and research
methodology.
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
 The research foundations refer to the fundamental components of
research such as the research problem, purpose, specific questions to be
addressed, and the conceptual framework to be applied.

 In determining the research topic or problem, the researcher must look at a

significant real life problem. Formulating a research problem requires
describing the undesirable situations related to the problem and the needed
knowledge or information in order to solve that problem.
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
 The purpose of the research describes how the study will fill this
“knowledge gap.” To address this purpose, the researcher must formulate
necessary questions that will help distinguish the significant points of the
research.
 The research questions may be either framed in a quantitative (how
much, how often, to what extent) or qualitative (what, why, how) manner.
The possible answers to the research questions are the hypotheses, which
will be either confirmed or rejected by the data collected in the study.
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
 Lastly, the conceptual framework is an outline or paradigm that presents
the topics to be studied, the various variables and contexts, and how these
relate to or influence each other.
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
 The research methodology describes how the researcher will answer the
research questions in a credible manner. Research methods are employed
to address the research purpose and gain new information and insights to
answer the problem. The methodology of the research includes the review
of literature, research approach and design, data collection, methods of
analysis, and conclusions.
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
 The review of literature analyzes the existing knowledge regarding the
research topic. It identifies gaps in information that may be addressed by
the research. It is also an important basis of the conceptual framework of
the study.
 With the existing knowledge about the study, the research approach and
design identifies what is the best means to collect and analyze data in the
study. The design is used to clarify and improve the research problem,
purpose, and questions. Having the best way to gather the data, the
researcher will proceed to the data collection.
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
 With the existing knowledge about the study, the research approach and
design identifies what is the best means to collect and analyze data in the
study. The design is used to clarify and improve the research problem,
purpose, and questions. Having the best way to gather the data, the
researcher will proceed to the data collection.
 Example: “This study utilize the descriptive-correlational method of
research to assess the relationships between two or more variable, the
employee’s motivation and commitment in Company X. (De Leon, 2016)
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
 Data collection gives the methods to determine who will be the
participants in the study, how the variables will be measured, and how data
will be documented and collected. The collected data will then undergo
data analysis, which consists of the strategies and methods that makes
sense of the data to answer the research problem and questions
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
 Finally, the conclusion summarizes the key results of the study and
discusses how these are relevant to the research problem. At this point, the
research addresses the hypotheses and determines if they are accepted or
rejected. It also addresses the knowledge gap and presents new insights
into the problem.
 OUTLINE OF RESEARCH PAPER
 A research paper is divided into chapters which are then subdivided into
various components of the research study. The following is the
conventional outline of an academic research paper:
 Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background
a. Introduction, Background of the Study
b. b. Statement of the Problem
c. c. Scope and Delimitation
d. d. Significance of the Study
 OUTLINE OF RESEARCH PAPER
 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework
a. Review of Related Literature
b. Review of Related Studies
c. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
d. Hypothesis of the Study
e. Assumptions of the Study
f. Definition of Terms
 OUTLINE OF RESEARCH PAPER
 Chapter 3: Research Methodology
a. Research Design
b. Respondents of the Study
c. Instrument of the Study
d. Validity and Reliability /Ethical Considerations
e. Statistical Treatment
 OUTLINE OF RESEARCH PAPER
 Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
a. Presentation of Data
b. Analysis
c. Interpretation
d. Discussion
 OUTLINE OF RESEARCH PAPER
 Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
a. Summary of Findings
b. Conclusion
c. c. Recommendation
 ROLE OF RESEARCHER
 According to Nieswiadomy (2005), the researcher serves different roles in
a study. These are as follows:
 1. As principal investigator
 2. As member of a research team
 3. As identifier of researchable problems
 4. As evaluator of research findings
 5. As user of research findings
 6. As patient or client advocate during study
 7. As subject/respondent/participant
 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
 Research is as important as any field of study. Its significance cuts
across all disciplines— engineering, architecture, medicine, arts and
sciences, education, management, tourism, among others. It also
benefits all strata of society—people with diverse jobs, different
income rates, varying financial status, or distinct social and political
capabilities.
 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
 Research is as important as any field of study. Its significance cuts
across all disciplines— engineering, architecture, medicine, arts and
sciences, education, management, tourism, among others. It also
benefits all strata of society—people with diverse jobs, different
income rates, varying financial status, or distinct social and political
capabilities.