IC Logic Families 1

Integrated circuit
• Integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (IC, chip,
or microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small
plate ("chip") of semiconductor material (silicon).
• This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit
made from independent electronic components.
• ICs can be made very compact, having up to several billion
transistors and other electronic components in an area the
size of a human fingernail.
• The half-pitch between nodes in a circuit has been made
smaller as the technology advances; in 2008 it dropped
below 100 nanometers, and 14 nanometers in 2014.
Half-pitch
 Integration Levels
Name Signification Year Transistors Logic gates
number number
SSI small-scale 1964 1 to 10 1 to 12
integration
medium-scale
MSI integration 1968 10 to 500 13 to 99

LSI large-scale 1971 500 to 100 to 9,999

integration 20,000
ultra-large-scale 1,000,000 100,000 and
ULSI integration 1984 and more more
very large-scale 20,000 to 10,000 to
VLSI integration 1980 1,000,000 99,999
GSI Giga-scale More than
integration one billion
 Moore’s law
A prediction made by Moore (a co-founder of Intel) in 1965:
“… a number of transistors to double every 2 years.”

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IC Packages
IC Packages
 Advantages of IC

1. ICs pack a lot more circuitry in a small package, so overall

size of a digital system is reduced.
2. Cost is dramatically reduced because mass producing of
large volume of similar devices.
3. ICs have made digital systems more reliable by reducing
number of external interconnections
4. It has drastically reduced electrical power requirement.
5. System does not require as much cooling.
 Limitation of IC

• IC cannot handle very large current or voltage because

generated in such small spaces would cause temperature
to rise beyond limit
• IC cannot easily implement certain devices
(inductors, transformers etc.)
 Logic Family

• A circuit configuration or approach used to

produce a type of digital integrated circuit.
• Different logic functions, when fabricated in the
form of an IC with the same approach, or in other
words belonging to the same logic family, will
have identical electrical characteristics.
• the set of digital ICs belonging to the same logic
family are electrically compatible with each other
 Types of Logic Family 1

• The entire range of digital ICs is fabricated using either

bipolar devices or MOS devices or combination of the two.
• Bipolar families:
– Diode logic (DL). (obsolete)
– Resistor transistor logic (RTL). (obsolete)
– Diode transistor logic (DTL). (obsolete)
– Transistor Transistor logic (TTL).
– Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL), also known as Current
Mode Logic(CML).
– Integrated Injection logic (I2L). (obsolete)
 Diode
• A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that
conducts primarily in one direction.
• It has low (ideally zero) resistance to the flow of current in
one direction, and high (infinite) resistance in the other.
• A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is
a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n
junction connected to two electrical terminals.
 Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or
switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is
composed of semiconductor material usually with at least
three terminals for connection to an external circuit.
 Transistors

• A voltage/current applied to one pair of the transistor's

terminals changes the current through another pair.
• A transistor can amplify a signal.
• Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many
more are found embedded in ICs.
• The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern
electronic devices.
• First conceived in 1926 and implemented in 1947.
• The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics and
paved the way for smaller and cheaper electronic devices.
Structure of Transistors
 Example of Logic Family 1

RTL
DL
 Example of Logic Family 1

DTL
Current & Voltage Parameters
Current & Voltage Parameters
Current & Voltage Parameters
 Fan-Out

The maximum number of logic inputs (of the same logic

family) that an output can drive reliably

I OH I OL
DC fanout = min( , )
I IH I IL
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 Propagation Delays
A logic signal always experience a delay in going through a circuit
Power Requirements
Noise Immunity
Noise Immunity
Current Sourcing
Current Sinking