Good –Enough Harris/

Draw a person (DAP)

Test
GoodEnough
Rabia Butt
GOOD ENOUGH TEST
 INTRODUCTION
The Good enough Harris Or Draw-a-Person
test is a psychological projective or
Cognitivetest used to evaluate children andadolescents for a variety of
purposes.Typically used with children, the subject is asked to draw a
picture of a man, a woman, and themselves. No further instructions are
given and the pictures are analyzed on a number of dimensions.
 INTRODUCTION
Aspects such as the size of the head, placement of the arms, and even
things such as if teeth were drawn or not are thought to reveal a range of
personality traits . The personality traits can be anything from
aggressiveness, to homosexual tendencies, to relationships with their
parents, to introversion and extroversion.
• A test used to measure non verbal intelligence or to screen emotional or
behavioral disorder.
 HISTORY
• The formal beginning of it’s use for psychological assessment is known to
begin with Florence Goodenough, a child psychologist, in 1926.
• Harris later revised the test including drawings of a woman and of
themselves. Now considered the Goodenough-Harris Test it has
guidelines for assessing children from ages 6 to 17.
• In 1949, Karen Machover developed the first measure of figure drawing
as a personality assessment with the Draw A Person Test .
 HISTORY
• Machover did a lot of work with disturbed adolescents and adults and
used the test to assess people of all ages.
• Machover used a qualitative approach in her interpretation considering
individual drawing characteristics.
• The most popular quantitative approachwas developed by Elizabeth
Koppitz. Koppitz developed a measure of assessment that has a list of
emotional indicators including size of figures, omission of body parts,
and some special features.
Nazia Jahangir
 Stages of test

Introduction Administration Scoring Analysis Interpretation

 A GREAT WAY TO TELL THE KIDS’
INTELLIGENCE.
Test administration involves the administrator
requesting the children to complete three individual
drawings- a man, a woman and him/herself on
separate pieces of paper.
The administrator may ask the children to include the
name, age, feelings or what is his/ her drawing is
doing at the moment aside from that no further
instruction is given.
The child is free to make the drawing whichever way
he/she pleases to there is no right or wrong type of
drawing, although the child must make a drawing of a
whole person each time. The test has no time limit.
 FAQs
What is the price of Draw-A-Person Intellectual Ability
Test (10695) ?
Price? $119.00
DAP:IQ Administration/Scoring Forms (50) $48.00
DAP:IQ Drawing Forms (pad of 50) $31.00
DAP:IQ Examiner's Manual $56.00
For Children, Adolescents, and Adults
Ages: 4-0 through 89-11
Testing Time: 10-12 minutes
Administration: Individual or Group
 FAQs

Who can administer the test?

This flexible assessment is for use by psychologists,

school counselors, and professionals working with
special-needs populations.
 Features of DAP
 Standardized instructions for the task are easy to derive
 Standardized scoring systems emphasize conceptual
aspects of drawings, not artistic quality
 Drawings collected in a rapid, efficient manner
 Few people are hesitant to do the drawing once they are
assured that the artistic quality is not being evaluated
 Drawings can be obtained in even the most challenging of
clinical situations (such as the assessment of autistic or
severely hyperactive children, non-reading or non-English
speaking clients)
 Scoring criteria have less cultural specificity than most
intelligence tests, verbal or nonverbal (culture-reduced)
 All you need to give and score of the DAP:IQ is the test
manual, the Administration/Scoring Form, and a
sharpened pencil.
Administration instructions

“I want you to make a picture of a

person. Make the very best picture
that you can. Take your time and
work very carefully. Try very hard
and see what a good picture you
can make.”
A sample analysis
 Eyebrow: an emphasis on good or bad grooming
 Nose: sexual symbol; emphasis indicates sexual
difficulty, sexual immaturity, inferiority or other sexual
insufficiencies
 tiny eyes- strong visual curiosity
 Small ears- hypersensitivity to criticisms
 tiny mouth- denial of oral dependent needs
 tiny feet- insecurity
 opposite sex drawn first- conflict with sexual
identification
 Shading: too vigorously shaded hands could indicate
feelings of guilt in regard to aggressive impulses.
 Placement of arms: extended arms represent good
relationship with the environment or spontaneity. If they
are wasted the individual could have a low sense of
physical reality.
Saleha javed
Scoring
Scoring Details
• A-Gross Detail:
• (1) Head present, (2) Legs present., (3)
Arms present, (4) Trunk present, (5) Length
of trunk greater than breadth, (6) Shoulders
are indicated (abrupt broadening of trunk
below neck) .

• B- ATTACHMENTS:
• (1) Both arms and legs attached to trunk, (2)
Arms and legs attached to trunk at correct
points, (3) Neck present, (4) Outline of neck
continuous with that of head, trunk, or both.
All drawing that can be recognized as attempts to represent the human figure is scored
plus or minus. One credit for each point scored plus and no half credits are given.
C- HEAD DETAIL:
(1) Eyes present (one or two), (2) Nose present, (3) Mouth present, (4) Nose and mouth in two
dimensions, two lips shown, (5) Nostril shown, (6) Hair shown, (7) Hair on more than
circumference of head and non-transparent – better than a scribble.

D- CLOTHING:
(1) Clothing present (any clear representation of clothing), (2)Two articles of clothing non
transparent (ex. Hat, trousers), (3) Entire drawing free from transparencies – sleeves and
trousers must be shown, (4) Four articles of clothing definitely indicated. *should include 4 – hat,
shoes, coat, shirt, necktie, belt, trousers*, (5) Costume complete with incongruities *business
suit, soldier’s costume and hat, sleeves trousers and shoes must be shown*
Contin
E- HAND DETAIL: (1)Fingers present (any indication), (2) Correct number of fingers
shown, (3) Fingers in two dimensions – length greater than breadth, angle subtended
not greater than 180 degrees, (4) Opposition of thumb clearly defined, (5) Hand
shown distinct from fingers and arm

F- JOINTS: (1) Arm joint shown – elbow, shoulder, or both. (2) leg joint shown –
knee, hip, or both

G- PROPORTION: (1) Head not more than ½ or less than 1/10 of trunk , (2) Arms
equal to trunk but not reaching knee, (3) Legs not less than trunk not more than twice
trunk size, (4) Feet in 2 dimensions – not more than 1/3 or less than 1/10 of leg, (5)
Both arms and lens in two dimensions
Contin

H- MOTOR COORDINATION (1) Lines firm without marked tendency to cross, gap, or
overlap. (2) All lines firm with correct joining. (3) Outline of head without obvious
irregularities. Develop beyond first crude circle. Conscious control apparent. (4) Trunk
outline. Score same as #3. (5) Arms and legs without irregularities. 2 dimensions and no
tendency to narrow at point of junction with trunk. (6) Features symmetrical (more likely
to credit in profile drawings)
Contin
I- FINE HEAD DETAIL (1) Ears present (2 in full face, 1 in profile) (2) Ears
present in correct position and proportion. (3) Eye details – brow or lashes
shown. (4) Eye detail – pupil shown. (5)Eye detail – proportion. Length greater
than width. (6) Eye detail – glance – only plus in profile. (7) Chin and forehead
shown.

J- PROFILE (1) Projection of chin shown – usually + in profile. (2) heel clearly
shown (3) Body profile – head, trunk, and feet without error. (4) Figure shown in
true profile without error or transparency.
Example
Bushra Mazhar
 Evaluation /Analysis
Head:  The head is the center for intellectual power, social
balance, and control over impulses.
A disproportionate head suggests that the subject is having
difficulty in one of these areas (or someone who has brain
damage, severe headaches, or other sensitivity of the head).
Large head: paranoid, narcissistic (anything having to do with a
large ego).
Small head: feelings of weakness and intellectual inferiority.
Contin
Neck: represents the connection between the head and the
body Under-emphasis may represent one feeling a
disconnection between these two things and could suggest:
schizophrenia or feelings of physical inadequacy.

Face Omitting: omission of facial features is an expression

of avoidance of social problems.

Eyes: reveal inner image of the self. Emphasis: suspicious

of the outside world. Tiny eyes- strong visual curiosity Eyes
closed: emotionally immature or people who want to shut
out the world.
Contin
Piercing eyes: paranoid schizophrenic
 Eyebrow: an emphasis on good or bad grooming
Nose: sexual symbol; emphasis indicates sexual difficulty, sexual immaturity, inferiority or other
sexual insuficiencies
 Chin: if it is not included, it may be a way of compensating for weakness, indecision, or a fear
of responsibility; it can be interpreted as having a strong drive to be socially forceful and
dominant.
 Lips: girls who draw cupid- bow lips are considered sexually precocious. Full lips on a male
represents narcissism. People who draw something in the mouth indicates oral erotic trends..
 Mouth: most often distorted in people with sexual difficulties Over emphasis-
emphasized importance of food, profane language, and temper tantrums. Tiny mouth:
denial of oral dependent needs
Ramsha Rauf
 Hair: messy hair may represent a feeling of
immortality while more wavy and glamorous
hair can mean a person is sexually immature.

Contact features like legs, arms, feet and

hands: the movement of contact features is an
important element. The amount of movement of
the features is suggested to decrease with age
and is thought to represent the amount of contact
one has with the outside world
Contin…Arms and hands: omitted: represents a complete withdrawal from the environment. If a male omits a
female’s arms, then is unaccepted by females or lack of confidence in social contexts.
 Shading: too vigorously shaded hands could indicate feelings of guilt in regard to aggressive
impulses.
 Placement of arms: extended arms represent good relationship with the environment or spontaneity.
If they are wasted the individual could have a low sense of physical reality.
 Placement of hands: behind the back may represent glamor aspirations for girls, in the pocket could
indicate withdrawal from society or feelings of guilt about masturbation.
Contin…Fingers:
reserved.
too long may mean the person is overly aggressive. Too short means they are

Toes: often not included in drawings because of shoes, but if they are, it is a sign of
aggression. If a female shows painted toenails, they may have heightened female aggression.
Hina
Advantages

Easy to Administer.

Cheap

Less time consuming.

Free from language biases.

Free from culture biasness.

Disadvantages

Subjective

Low validity

Restricted amount of hypothesis can be drawn.

References:
 
Salkind, N. J. (2007). Encyclopedia of measurement and
statistics (Vols. 1-0). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781412952644

Baraheni, N., Heidarabady, S., Nemati, S., &

Ghojazadeh, M. (2018). Goodenough-Harris Drawing a
Man Test (GHDAMT) as a Substitute of Ages and Stages
Questionnaires (ASQ2) for Evaluation of
Cognition. Iranian journal of child neurology, 12(4), 94–
102.
 Thank you

Feel free to ask questions, give

comments & suggestions