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Significance of Drainage Requirements of Highway Drainage Surface Drainage Sub-Surface Drainage
Significance of Drainage Requirements of Highway Drainage Surface Drainage Sub-Surface Drainage
• Significance of Drainage
• Requirements of Highway Drainage
• Surface Drainage
• Sub-Surface Drainage
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● Highway drainage is a process of removing and
controlling excess surface and sub-soil water within the
right of way.
● It includes interception and diversion of water from the
road surface and sub grade.
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❑ The surface water from the carriageway and shoulder should
effectively drained off without allowing it to percolate to sub grade.
❑ Surface water from adjoining land should be prevented form
entering the roadway.
❑ Side drain should have sufficient capacity and longitudinal slope
to carry away all surface water collected.
❑ Flow of surface water across the road and shoulders and along
slopes should not cause formation of cross ruts or erosion.
❑ Seepage and other sources of under ground water should be
drained off by the subsurface drainage system.
❑ Highest level of ground water table should be kept well below the
level of subgrade, preferably by atleast 1.2m.
❑ In waterlogged areas special precautions should be taken,
especially if detrimental salts are present
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❑ During rains, part of the rain water flows on surface and part of it
percolate through the soil mass as gravitational water until it
reaches the ground water below the water table.
❑ Removal and diversion of surface water from the road way and
adjoining land is termed as surface drainage.
❑ Diversion and removal of excess of soil water from the subgrade is
termed as sub Surface Drainage.
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RURAL HIGHWAYS
•In rural highways the water has to drain off from both
pavement and shoulders
•The side drains of rural highway are unlined drains of
trapezoidal shape
•Covered trenches are provided when road formation is in
cutting
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URBAN HIGHWAYS
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● Removal or Diversion of excess soil-water from sub-grade is
termed as sub-surface drainage.
● The change in moisture of sub-grade are caused by the following
○ Fluctuations in Ground Water Table
○ Seepage Flow
○ Percolation Of Rain Water
○ Movement of Capillary Water
● In sub-surface drainage it is practiced to keep the variation of
moisture in sub-grade to a minimum.
Controlling Seepage
Flow
Controlling
Capillary Water
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❑ In order to that the sub-grade and pavement are not
subjected to excessive moisture the water table should kept
at least 1.0 to 1.2 m below the sub-grade.
❑ When the formation level is at or below the general ground level it
is necessary to lower the water table.
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IN PERMEABLE SOIL IN LOW PERMEABLE SOIL
in addition longitudinal
drains transverse
drains at regular
intervals also provided
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❑ When the general ground as well as impervious strata below are
sloping, seepage flow is likely to exist.
❑ If seepage zone is at depth less than 0.6-0.9 m from sub-grade
level, longitudinal pipe drain in trench filled with filter material
and clay seal may be constructed to intercept the flow.
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If the water reaching the sub-grade due to capillary rise is likely
to be detrimental, it is possible to solve the problem by arresting
the capillary rise. It can be done by following methods:
(a)A layer of granular materials of suitable thickness is provided
during the construction of embankment, between the sub-grade
and the highest level of sub surface water table.
(b)Alternate method is providing the capillary cut off is by inserting
an impermeable or a bituminous layer in place of granular blanket.
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In case of sub-grade subjected soil water to soaking cond.,
capillary rise, and in extreme cond. Even flooding for prolonged
periods is termed as water logged areas.
In such areas construction and maintenance of road is a problem.
Methods adopted to Overcome
▪ Raising the road level by constructing embankment
▪ Providing a capillary cut off to arrest capillary water
▪ Providing Cement Concrete Block
▪ Depressing the sub surface water level by drainage system
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