Connecting to the Internet

CILO and Outline

Course Intended Learning Outcome (CILO)

 Describe major trends (Internet) in IT, and explain how they bring new
opportunities and challenges to our society.

Outline
 How does Internet work?

 Internet Connections via Wired Networks

 Internet Connections via Wireless Networks

 How to identify a computer on the Internet?

- IP address, IPv4 and IPv6, Domain names

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What is the Internet?

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers

Inter : Interconnection (Network of Networks)

WHATWG
Click on the logo’s above to find
out what they are.
The cartoon on the left by Peter Steiner has been
reproduced from page 61 of July 5, 1993 issue of The
New Yorker, (Vol.69 (LXIX) no. 20) only for academic
discussion, evaluation, research and complies with
the copyright law of the United States as defined and
stipulated under Title 17 U. S. Code.

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Internet

 Servers and Clients

- Some of these computers (servers) store useful information and provide
services to other computers (clients) that request them.

 Server examples
- Web servers store web pages
- Mail servers manage emails

Servers

Client

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How to get Online?

How to make a phone call? How to get online?

mobile phone computer

sim card built-in network card

join telecom company Internet Service Provider (ISP)

ISP

Internet user The Internet

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Choosing an ISP?

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The Ads

What do these numbers mean?

 Bandwidth
- an expression of how much data can be sent through a communication channel
in a given amount of time

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Bandwidth and Speed

 We do not call bandwidth the speed of transmission

- Why?

 What is traveling inside a piece of copper wire?

- Electrons
 What is the speed of electrons?
- Almost at the speed of light
 If you refer to the SPEED of a wire, all electrons are travelling at the
speed of light!
- Even if it is only 300 bits per second in bandwidth

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Bandwidth

1000 Mbps ( 1,000,000,000 bits in 1 second)

i.e. about the size of 30 MP3 songs

1 bit = 1 or 0

30 Mbps (Megabits per second) Bandwidth test:

30,000,000 bits in one second http://www.dslreports.com/stest?more=1
i.e. about the size of 1 MP3 song

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About Kilo, Mega and Giga

 Storage (disk capacity) are in binary

- 1 Kilo = 210 = 1024
- 1 Mega = 220 = 1,048,576
- 1 Giga= 230 = 1,073,741,824 B in upper case = bytes
E.G. 1 GB of disk = 1,073,741,824 bytes of disk space
 Timing (bits per second) are in decimal
- 1 Kilo = 103 = 1,000
- 1 Mega = 106 = 1,000,000
- 1 Giga= 109 = 1,000,000,000
b in lower case = bits
E.G. 1 Mbps = 1,000,000 bits per second

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KMGTPEZY (Optional)

Name Symbol Decimal Value Binary Value

Kilo K 103 210

Mega M 106 220

Giga G 109 230

Tera T 1012 240

Peta P 1015 250

Exa E 1018 260

Zetta Z 1021 270

Yotta Y 1024 280

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xDSL

 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

- Use existing regular phone lines to transmit data
- Different upload and download bandwidth, up to 800Kbps/8Mbps
- Filter has to be installed to avoid interference with voice signal

Voice Upload/Download

 VDSL (Very high bitrate Digital Subscriber Line)

- Phone lines are able to carry data up to 52Mbps in short distance
- Fiber to the building and phone lines to home
- Upload bandwidth is up to 16Mbps. Ref: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/vdsl2.htm

 In either case, a broadband modem is needed to convert

analog signal (phone lines) to digital signal
Phone line Connect to PC’s

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Higher Bandwidth

 Optical Fiber
- Up to 14 Trillion bits per second (or 14,000 Gbps)
- Lighter and more durable
 FTTB (Fiber To The Building)
+ Cat-5e (to home)
- Cat-5e cable provides much more bandwidth than phone lines, and is able
to carry up to 1000Mbps.
FTTB is Fiber-to-the-building. That is a
connection using fiber-optic cable from
ISP’s servers to users’ buildings plus
Cat-5e cable to users’ home.

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Higher Bandwidth (Cont’d)

 FTTH (Fiber To The Home)

FTTH is connecting
optical cable all the
way from ISP’s servers
to users’ home.
 FTTD (Fiber To The Desk)
- Optical Line Terminal (OLT) at the service provider’s central office
- Optical Network Units (ONU) near end users, connected by fiber cables
- Fiber cables are used to connect from ONU to laptops
- Bandwidth Up to 10Gbps

OLT

ONU Laptop

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Other Consideration

ISP

The Internet

 With equal importance, your internet bandwidth also depends on the

amount of capacity between ISP and the Internet.
- One may experience slow browsing performance to overseas websites if the
amount of overseas bandwidth is not enough.

 Web Proxy
- To speed up access to website by caching web pages.
- Store copies of web pages visited by previous users (Caching).
- Web pages cached will be sent if another user requests the page, instead of
loading pages from the Internet again.

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How Web Proxy works?

Request for Request for

CNN.com (1) CNN.com (2)
The
The
ISP’s Internet
(5) Internet
Web (3)
Proxy
CNN.com webpage CNN.com webpage

(6) (4) Cached

Request for
CNN.com Notice that Internet
(7) may be damaged by
natural hazards
Cached CNN.com webpage such as earthquake

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Internet Sharing

$200
$200 x 3 = $600

Source: http://www.alibaba.com/sitemap/archives/pics4.html

 Router Another choice: Wireless router

- Connects networks together and route packets to the correct direction
- Data Packets allows for combination of Channels
- Some ISPs are providing broadband modems with Wireless Router
functions

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Wireless Networks

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Wireless Network

 Use notebook to access WWW for the course outline

- “How can the notebook access WWW without any wire?”, and
- “What are the procedures?”

 Wi-Fi (802.11) networks

- Short-range Wireless
- 802.11 is an IEEE wireless technical specification

Wi-Fi g Wi-Fi n
Wi-Fi b
(802.11 g) (802.11 n)
(802.11 b)
54 Mbps 200 Mbps
11 Mbps
Up to 50ft Up to 150ft

Warning! Security is weak on Wi-Fi!

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 Connecting to BU-Standard in HKBU (Optional)

Go to http://ito.hkbu.edu.hk/index.php/services-2/wi-fi-network-access/hkbu-wifi-services/
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Away from Campus?

 Free GovWiFi in public libraries, sports centers…

 Other wireless Internet service providers

- Wi-fi.hk, PCCW Wi-Fi, HKBN bbWI-FI, etc …

 As a full time student of HKBU, you can access the

CSL wireless network for FREE!
- Yes, you do not need to pay anything.
- And you do not need to register.

 In any shopping mall or MTR station with CSL

connect, pick the SSID of CSL and start a web
browser
- A login screen will be prompted
- Follow the on-screen instructions

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Connecting to WiFi outside HKBU Campus
(optional)

Look it up by clicking on
http://ito.hkbu.edu.hk/index.php/services-2/wi-fi-network-access/hkbu-wifi-services/
now!

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Long-Range Wireless

 The coverage of Wi-Fi is around

150 feets at most

 Mobile telecom companies provide

long-range high-bandwidth
wireless Internet access (3G)
- 5 - 10 Mbps, enough for video
telephony and real-time TV.
- 3G access for laptop and desktop
computers, smartphones and tablets
 4G LTE (Long Term evolution)
- Up to
- 300Mbps download
- 75 Mbps upload

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Communicating with Satellites

Source: http://mapasia.atnext.com/gps.cfm
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
- 24 earth-orbiting satellites
- circle the earth twice each day
- continuously transmitting timed radio signals

 GPS receivers
- pick up transmissions from up to 4 satellites
- pinpoint the receiver’s location
- contain map files that are displayed based on the GPS
position to guide users

 Accuracy
- within 3 – 50 ft, with a norm of 10 ft accuracy
- but may not work well in in-door areas or areas with lots of
concentrated buildings
Source: http://www.imapsys.com/features.htm

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Location Based Services

 Find a nearby restaurant?

 Google Latitude
- See where your friends are
- Can be installed in mobile phones, as
well as computer.
- “Follow Me Follow You” – a similar
service provided by 3HK

 Locations can be determined by

- GPS
- Cellular base stations,
- Wi-Fi positioning, or
- IP address

Ref: http://i.gizmodo.com/5145901/google-latitude-friend-finding-maps-on-smartphones-and-pcs?skyline=true&s=x

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 Accessing a
Particular Computer
on the Internet

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IP Address

Telecom company Internet Service Provider

How do others reach you?

IP address
may change
Phone number IP address
e.g. 9xxx xxxx e.g. 158.182.xxx.xxx
6xxx xxxx 128.96.xxx.xxx

 IP Address Must be 0 to 255

- Every device connected to the internet has an IP address
- Each IP address uniquely identifies that device
- The address for IPv4 is 4 sets of numbers (0-255) separated by periods
- e.g. 95.160.10.240

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IPv4 and IPv6

 Current Internet using 4 sets of numbers (0-255) known as IP version 4

 Total number of machines that can be connected to the Internet using
IPv4 is
256*256*256*256 = 4,294,967,296
 We are running out on IP version 4 addresses

 IPv6 (IP Version 6) is using 8 sets of numbers 0-65535 (0000:FFFF)

 Total number of machines that can be connected to the Internet using
IPv6 is
65536^8 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
 We will not run out of IP version 6 addresses for hundreds of years

 Why we did not change to IPv6 sooner?

- We are doing it now and may take more than 10 years
- Issue – need to throw away all the IPv4 routers (millions of routers)

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Domain name

 It is difficult to remember numbers

 It is easier to remember names

158.182.8.1 comp.hkbu.edu.hk
- Domain names are world wide unique
- The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
manages the assignment of domain names and IP addresses.
 Domain name can be purchased from domain name
registrar
- Hong Kong Domain Name Registration Limited (HKDNR) for .hk
- Largest ICANN Registrars:
http://www.webhosting.info/registrars/top-registrars/global/
- Each domain is around $100 - $250 per year.

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Domain name

 The 10 most expensive domain names ever sold:

- http://most-expensive.com/domain-name

 In a domain name, components are separated by periods

- Top-level Domain (TLD) is the last section of the domain name
- Generic TLD: identify the type of organization associated with the domain such
as edu for education
- Country code TLD: a two-letter country code such as cn for China

www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk
www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk Country Code: Hong Kong is NOT the same as
www.comp.hkbu.edu

www.apple.com Type: www.apple.com

Commercial site is NOT the same as
www.apple.com.ru

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Domain name

Country code Type

.hk Hong Kong .com commercial

.cn China educational and research

.edu
institutions
.jp Japan
.gov government
.us USA
information service
.info
.uk United Kingdom providers

.net networking organizations

.au Australia

.org non-profit and professional

.fr France
organizations

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Exercise

 Which of the following is an IP version 4 address?

- 10.77.32
- 123.45.67.89
- 280.133.64.11

 Identify the type and location of the following websites

URL Type Location

www.gov.hk government Hong Kong
www.worldvision.org.hk non-profit organization Hong Kong
www.starbucks.com.tw commercial Taiwan

www.harvard.edu educational and research

US
institutions
www.honda.co.jp commercial Japan

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What you have learnt?

 Internet, Server and Client

 Wired Networks
- Internet Service Providers and Bandwidth
- ADSL, VDSL, Cat-5e and Optical Fiber.
- Network Devices – Broadband modem and Router.

 Wireless Networks
- Wi-Fi and 3G
- GPS and Location based services

 How to access a computer on the Internet?

- IP address, IPv4 and IPv6, Domain names

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Credits
 Page 3:
- internetDog: http://media.photobucket.com/image/recent/sgtstrykerusmc43/Internetdog.gif
- W3C: http://www.w3.org
- WHATWG: http://www/whatwg.org
- IETF: http://www.ietf.org
- IAB: http://www/iab.org
 Page 4:
- Gmail icon: http://ictee.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/gmail.jpg
- Youtube:
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_bxEzzlCgZF0/S7AGO9wKJKI/AAAAAAAABX4/vzg1eiHiHIY/s320/youtube1
.jpg
- Http: http://www.arock.com.tw/images/http.jpg
- Computer: http://ayudatec.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/256computadores.jpg

Connecting to the Internet

Credits

 Page 5:
- iPhone: http://www.orangeinfo.fr/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/iphone-181x300.jpg
- sim card: http://wd.ch-img.com/1163431-carte-sim,bWF4LTIyMngxNjM=.jpg
- Three: http://mobile.three.com.hk/website/zh/images/iPhone_minisite_01b.gif
- SmarTone: http://www.china-mobile-phones.com/images/smarttone.gif
- 1010: http://home.netvigator.com/~patrickchan/home/website/recommend/graphic/1010.jpg
- LAN card: http://webhelper.info/images/Network_card.jpg
- HKBN: http://evchk.wikia.com/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88:HKBN_logo.jpg
- Netvigator: http://www2.netvigator.com/services/netcs/universal/images/net_logo.jpg
- i-cable: http://webmail.i-cable.com/zh_TW_base/i-cable.com/images/logo_i-cable.gif
- WebPlanet: http://cooffice.ntu.edu.sg/comaya/images/link.JPG
- Computer: http://ayudatec.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/256computadores.jpg
 Page 6:
- HKBU ujudge: http://www.ujudge.com.hk/downloadable/wallpaper/wallpaper_01_800_600.jpg
 Page 7:
- Download performance of Fiber:
http://www.netvigator.com/eng/pages.php?url=firber_in_house_1000m_and_beyond
- HKBN’s Service: http://www.hkbn.net/2012/en/broadband.html

Connecting to the Internet

Credits

 Page 9:
- HKBNservice2: http://www.hkbn.net/bb1000/offer_premium_bb100.html
- PCCW 1000M+: http://www.5utx.com/uploads/?1807.jpg
- Netvigator: http://www.netvigator.com/chi/
 Page 12:
- Modem: http://e.huawei.com/en-SA/products/enterprise-networking/routers/ar-g3/ar150-160-200
 Page 13:
- Optical Fiber: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
- FTTB: http://www.spirit.com.au/owners-corporations-spirit-fibre-faqs
- Cat5: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_cable
 Page 14:
- FTTH: http://www.hkbn.net/bb1000/opt_conn.html
- FTTD: http://www.telnet-ri.es/fileadmin/user_upload/img/soluciones/FTTD-1.jpg
- +EN FTTD: https://www.wharftt.com/wtt2/pages/edm/flib/feature_story2011.pdf

Connecting to the Internet

Credits

 Page 15:
- WebPlanet: http://cooffice.ntu.edu.sg/comaya/images/link.JPG
- Computer: http://ayudatec.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/256computadores.jpg
 Page 16:
- Client1: http://shocksomebody.com/Student.gif
- Client2: http://www.newgrowthdevelopment.com/content/media/COMPUTER%20GUY.gif
 Page 17:
- Mail: http://www.ttbkidz.com/sitebuilder/images/MAIL_GUY2-473x416.jpg
- User1: http://schools.alcdsb.on.ca/frweblinks/primary/Fr%20Weblink%20Icons/_w/j0396734_wmf.jpg
- User2: http://itsecurity.wi.gov/imageget.asp?imageid=2819&locid=89
- User3: http://campuses.fortbendisd.com/campuses/images/aboutimages/2.gif
- Netvigator: http://www2.netvigator.com/services/netcs/universal/images/net_logo.jpg
- Belkin N1: http://www.thg.ru/network/router_draft_802_11n_2007/images/belkin_1.jpg
 Page 19:
- Sony Vaio: http://www.ebiharagermannet.com/modules/contents/content/img/InternetNotebook.jpg

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Credits

 Page 21:
- GovWiFi:
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iMdipC8jkSA/SiVXS4_VaaI/AAAAAAAAACs/6kqCbH3KYTI/s400/govwifi.pn
g
- bbWi-Fi: http://reg.hkbn.net/bbwifi/images/bbwifi_logo.gif
- CSL logo: http://www.mobilenewscwp.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/CSL-logo-web.jpg
 Page 23:
- C702: http://gsm.magazyn.pl/pic/b/sony-ericsson-c702.jpg
- Vodafone-3G: http://www.telcoma.in/en/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Vodafone-3G.jpg
- Vodafone-USB: http://wirelessnews.planet-cell.com/img/jan08/vodafone_hsupa_usb_stick_2.jpg
- Real-time TV: http://compixels.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Live-TV-iPhone-France24.jpg
- Video telephony: http://www.accedian.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/facetime-Apple.jpg
 Page 24:
- GPS Constellation: http://www.shoppinguide.com.hk/entertain_img/detail3/58.jpg
- Good GDOP: http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gif/goodgdop.gif
- iMap: http://www.imapsys.com/images/gps1.bmp
 Page 25:
- Google latitude example: http://away.gr/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/screen2-large.jpg
- Google Latitude logo: http://www.andrewgrill.com/images/google_latitude.gif

Connecting to the Internet