INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS

Instructor :
Muhammad Afzal Khan
Ph.D(Scholar) Econometrics
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics(PIDE), Islamabad
Email: muhammadafzal_15@pide.edu.pk
Lecture: 03
 TYPES OF DATA
Qualitative data: Result in categorical responses. Also called Nominal, or categorical
data
 Example: Gender: MALE
  FEMALE
 Religion: Muslim, Non Muslim, Color: Black, Brown, White
 War Time, Peace Time
Quantitative data: Result in numerical responses, and may be discrete or continuous.
 Discrete data: arise from a counting process.
e.g. How many courses have you taken at this Campus? Number of children
 Continuous data: arise from a measuring process.
 Example: How much do you weigh? Height etc.
For example, you may weigh 150 pounds but in actuality may weigh 150.235689245
pounds. On the other hand, if you have 2 children, you do not have 2.3217638
children.
 PROCESSING OF DATA
The collected data in research is processed and analysed
to come to some conclusions or to verify the hypothesis
made.
Processing of data is important as it makes further
analysis of data easier and efficient.
• Processing of data technically means:

1. Editing of the data

2. Coding of data

3. Classification of data
4. Tabulation of data.
PROCESSING OF DATA
 DATA EDITING
• Data editing is the process of reviewing the data for consistency, detection of errors

and outliers (values that are extremely larger or smaller than the rest of the data) and

correction of errors, in order to improve the quality, accuracy and adequacy of the

data and make it suitable for the purpose for which it was collected.

Editing is of two types:

1. Field Editing

2. Central Editing.
TYPES OF EDITING
 TYPES OF EDITING
FIELD EDITING:

Field supervisors often are responsible for conducting preliminary field

editing on the same day as the interview.

USES:

 Identify technical omissions such as a blank page on an interview

form.

 Check clarity of handwriting for open-ended responses.

 Clarify responses that are logically or conceptually inconsistent.

 CENTRAL EDITING

Central editing rigorously investigates the results of data

collection. The research supplier or research department

normally has a centralized office staff perform the editing

and coding function.

Such type of editing relates to the time when all data

collection process has been completed. Here a single or
common editor corrects the errors like entry in the wrong
place, entry in wrong unit etc. As a rule all the wrong answers
should be dropped from the final results.