ENERGY SOURCES USED IN

POULTRY/LIVESTOCK
FEEDING
1. Cereals
2. Cereal byproducts
3. Industrial waste
4. Fats and oil
I) MAIZE (ZEA MAYS)
It is most important energy source for poultry feed.
Different local varieties of maize and areas

Variety Areas Sowing time

Golden, Sahiwal 2002, Bahawalnagar, R.Y.K Mid July to 10th August
Hybrid Bahawalpur, Multan ,
Faisalabad, Okara,
Sahiwal Jhang
Sadaf, Golden, Sahiwal Sargodha, Mianwali Mid July to 10th August
2002, Hybrid Lahore, Sialkot
Sadaf, Golden Sahiwal Hilly Areas of Distt. Mid March to Mid April
2002 Augeeti-85, hybrid Rawalpindi
SOWING METHOD

1. On the ridges
2. By drill
3. By planter
SEED RATE
 8 to 10 kg per acre
Seed availability
 Pioneer, ICI, Engro & Cengenta.
 HARVESTING
When the husk of the cob becomes brown
and on the base of top Kernal black layer
develops, it indicates that the crop is
ready for harvesting
FERTILIZER
300-350 ammonium sulphate/hec.
MAIZE
Inclusion Rate (%) = 10-50
Price / kg (Rs.) = 15/kg
Restriction = Aflatoxin
 SEED RATE
 Till15th November
50 kg/acre
 16th – 30 November
60 kg /acre
 1st Dec. – 15th Dec.
70 kg / acre
Nutritional Profile of
Wheat Straw
Wheat Straw

DM, % 92.75

CP, % 2.4
EE, % 1.1
CF, % 38.32
Ash, % 11.2
NFE, % 39.88
NDF, % 74.2
ADF, % 49.6
Inclusion rate of wheat (%) = 10-25
Inclusion rate of wheat bran (%) = 1-5
Restriction
Wheat = Digestibility issue
Wheat bran = Fiber, Phytates
Price/Kg
Wheat (Rs.) = 24/kg
Wheat bran = 8.0/kg
 Rice (Oryza sativa)
Rice unsuitable for human consumption can
be used for poultry at lower level.
Local Varieties of rice & their
sowing time
Varieties Sowing time

Eri-6, KS-282, Super Basmati, Nayab 20th May – 7th June

Basmati-370, Basmati-385, Basmati-2000, 1st June – 20th June

Kernal Basmati,
Shaheen Basmati 15th June - 30th June
 SEED RATE

Eri-6, KS-282, Nayab 12-15 kg/acre

Super Basmati, Basmati-385, 10-12 kg/acre
Kernal Basmati, Basmati-2000 &
Shaheen
 INCLUSION RATE
 Rice Tips (%) = 20-50
 Rice Polish (%) = 10-15
Restriction
 Rice polishing = Rancid fat, fiber
Price/kg
 Rice Tips (Rs.) = 16.0
 Rice Polish (Rs.) = 8.70
 Rice Bran (Rs.) = 6.25
 SORGHUM / MILO (Sorghum Vulgare)
 Light colored sorghum varieties can be used as
principal energy source.
Sowing time
 Lower Sindh = 15th June – 15th July
 Rest of Pakistan = 1st June – 30th July
Harvesting
 Color of grain from green to red
 Grain becomes hard
Seed Rate 3-4 kg/acre
 Sorghum
 Hardy, drought resistant crop, adopted to
environmental conditions too harsh for
production of maize.
 Several varieties, milo grain type, non grain type
(forage sorghum), bird resistant (high tannin),
yellow, waxy. Waxy type has better digestibility.
Starch digestibility is inversely proportional to
the amylase content.
 The sorghum plant are similar to maize in
chemical composition.
 Sorghum
 The sorghum plant has capacity of high productivity &
tolerance to high temperature.
 Most sorghum varieties are similar to maize in chemical
composition.
 The peripheral endosperm of sorghum is extremely
dense, hard and resistant to water penetration &
digestion.
 The grain is ground before feeding to all classes of
livestock and poultry.
 Energy is similar to maize.
 Protein: range from 7~10%. The quality of protein poor.
Availability of amino acid is low in sorghum.
 Sorghum
 Theronine and lysine are most limiting amino
acids.
 Tannine: polyphenlic compounds tannins
(phenilics) decrease protein availability, inhibit
digestive enzyme activity and form complexes
with protein and resist digestion.
 Astringent effect; tannins increase in unripe
fruits (green apples, bananas)
 To reduce Tannins
– Treatment with alkali, sodium & ammonium hydroxide,
anhydrous ammonia.
– Poly ethylene glycol increase feeding value of high tannins
sorghum.
 Inclusion level of sorghum (%) = 5-10

 Restriction = tannins

 Price / kg (Rs.) = 22.25

 MILLET / BAJRA
 Millet are small grains.
 Bajra, Korra, Ragi, are millets varieties
used for poultry
 Sowing time 3rd week of March – mid
Sep
 Harvesting time June – December
 Seed rate 10-12 Kg/hac.
 Varieties in Pakistan
 18 – By
 Y – 84
 Cholistani bajra
 Barani bajra
 DBR – 3 (Jattal)
 DB – 5
 C – 47
 PARC – MS -1
 PARC – MS-2
 AREAS OF PRODUCTION IN PAKISTAN

Punjab Gujrat, Chakwal, Mianwali,

Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar,
Gujranwala, Rawalpindi, Attock,
Jhelum
Sindh Haiderabad, Khairpur, Dadu,
Nawabshah
Sarhad Banu, D.I. Khan
Balochistan Sibbi
 Inclusion level (%)= 30 - 60
 Price /kg (Rs.) = 20
 BARLEY / JAVI / JAO
(Hordeum vulgare)
 Less suitable for poultry feeding
 Barley contains  - Glucans
 Enzyme  - Glucanase improves the
nutritive value of barley
 SEED RATE
 50 – 60 kg/hac. in rainfed areas
 70 – 80 kg/hac. In irrigated areas
Varieties
 NWFP = Forntier – 87
 Sindh = Tj – 70, Neelum, Barley – Dwarf
 Cultivation
 Barley is usually is cultivated earlier than
wheat
 From mid October - end of November
Harvesting
 Barley mature earlier than wheat
 Complete loss of green color from
Peduncle is a good indicator
 Inclusion Rate (%) = 10 – 20

 Restriction =  - Glucans

 Price /kg (Rs.) = 22

 INDUSTRIALS WASTES
 Molasses
Molasses is a by product of the sugar refining
industry.
Energy level of molasses decreases as more &
more sugar is extracted.
Molasses is quantitated with a Brix number
Both cane & beet molasses contains about 46 -
48 % sugar
Molasses stimulate the appetite & reduce the
dustiness of feed.
 Inclusion rate (%) = less than 5%

 Restriction = very high K content

 Price / kg (Rs.) = 7.0

 FATS & OILS
 Animal fats & vegetable oils are
excellent sources of energy

 They reduce the dustiness,

improve palatability & appearance
of feed
INCLUSION LEVEL
 Tallow = 1-2%
 Vegetable oil = 1-2%
 Restriction = cost, rancidity
 Price / kg (Rs.) of oil = 64 / lit.