RESEARCH DESIGN

Melchora D. Bolambao
1. Divide the class into three groups.
2. Each group will be given manila paper and pen for
their answers in the questions given below:
a. What are different contraceptives did you see in the
picture?
b. Do you have some idea on how to use such
contraceptive? Give one and explain.
c. Do you agree that contraceptives are product of
research? Explain further.
3. Each group will be given 10 minutes to present their
output.
 Research design

To understand educational research, we will explore

some distinguishing features that are the research
designs, that we can use to collect, analyze, and
interpret data using quantitative and qualitative
research.
In this presentation we will discuss about
three research designs frequently used in
quantitative research:
◆ Experimental Designs
◆ Correlational Designs
◆ Survey Designs
Experimental
Research
Designs
 Experimental design:

An experimental design is the traditional approach to conducting

quantitative research. In an experiment, you test an idea to
determine whether it influences an outcome or dependent
variable. You first decide on an idea with which to “experiment,”
assign individuals to experience it and then determine whether
those who experienced the idea performed better on some
outcome than those who did not experience it(Creswell, 2015).
 When Do You Use an Experiment?

You use an experiment when you

want to establish possible cause and
effect between your independent
and dependent variables.
 Ethical Issues in Experimental
Research
Ethical issues in conducting experiments relate to withholding the
experimental treatment from some individuals who might benefit from
receiving it, the disadvantages that might accrue from randomly
assigning individuals to groups. This assignment overlooks the
potential need of some individuals for beneficial treatment. Ethical
issues also arise as to when to conclude an experiment, whether the
experiment will provide the best answers to a problem, and
considerations about the stakes involved in conducting the experiment.
Correlationa
l Research
Designs
 Correlational research

In correlational research designs, investigators use the correlation

statistical test to describe and measure the degree of association (or
relationship) between two or more variables or sets of scores.
 A correlation is a statistical test to determine the tendency or
pattern for two (or more) variables or two sets of data to
vary consistently.
 When Do You Use Correlational
Research?

 You use this design when you seek to relate two or

more variables to see if they influence each other.

 You also use this design when you know and

can apply statistical knowledge based on
calculating the correlation statistical test.
Steps for correlational research:
Step 1: Identify Individuals to Study
Step 2: Identify Two or More Measures for Each
Individual in the Study
Step 3: Collect Data and Monitor Potential Threats
Step 4: Analyze the Data and Represent the Results
Step 5: Interpret the Results
EXAMPLE OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
 Ethical Issues in Conducting Correlational
Research

Ethical issues arise in many phases of the correlational

research process. In data collection, ethics relate to adequate
sample size, lack of control, and the inclusion of as many
predictors as possible. In data analysis, researchers need a
complete statement of findings to include effect size and the
use of appropriate statistics. Analysis cannot include
making up data. In recording and presenting studies, the
write-up should include statements about relationships
rather than causation, a willingness to share data, and
publishing in scholarly outlets (Creswell, 2015).
Survey
Researc
hDesigns
 Survey research design

• Survey research designs are procedures in quantitative

research in which investigators administer a survey to a
sample or to the entire population of people to describe
the attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of the
population. Survey designs differ from experimental
research in that they do not involve a treatment given to
participants by the researcher.
When Do You Use Survey Research?
 You use survey research to describe trends, such
as community interests in school .
 You also use survey research to determine
individual opinions about policy issues, such
as whether students need a choice of schools
to attend.
 Surveys help identify important beliefs and
attitudes of individuals, such as college students’
beliefs about what constitutes abusive behaviors
in dating relationships.
WAYS OF COLLECTING DATA IN SURVEY
RESEARCH:

Questionnaires
Interviews
 Questionnaire

•A questionnaire is a form used in a survey design that

participants in a study complete and return to the researcher.
The participant chooses answers to questions and supplies
basic personal or demographic information.
 An interview survey

•An interview survey, is a form on which the researcher

records answers supplied by the participant in the study. The
researcher asks a question from an interview guide listens
for answers or observes behavior, and records responses on
the survey.
Major types of questionnaires and interviews:

 Mailed questionnaires
 Web-based questionnaires
 One-on-one interviews
 Focus group interviews
 Telephone interviews
 Pilot Testing the Questions

A pilot test of a questionnaire or interview survey is a procedure

in which a researcher makes changes in an instrument based on
feedback from a small number of individuals who complete and
evaluate the instrument. The participants in the pilot test provide
written comments directly on the survey, and the researcher
modifies or changes the survey to reflect those concerns.
 WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN CONDUCTING SURVEY
RESEARCH?

Step 1. Decide if a survey is the best design to use

Step 2. Identify the research questions or hypotheses
Step 3. Identify the population, the sampling frame, and the sample
Step 4. Determine the survey design and data collection procedures
Step 5. Develop or locate an instrument
Step 6. Administer the instrument
Step 7. Analyze the data to address the research questions or hypotheses
Step 8. Write the report
Potential Ethical Issues in Survey Research
•Ethical issues in survey research involve engaging in good
practices. During data collection, attention needs to be given
to using appropriate incentives and delivering on benefits
guaranteed. The survey data collection procedure cannot put
data collectors at risk for their safety. Safety applies to the
respondents or participants as well. Confidentiality of their
responses needs to be protected, along with minimizing links
between data respondents and participants.
•IDs linked to responses can be an effective means of
protecting individual identity. Also, the researcher has an
obligation to destroy survey instruments after the conclusion
of the study.
 References:

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th

ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and

qualitative research (5th ed.). Pearson

Dornyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed

methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2007). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (7th ed.). Belmont, CA:

Thomson Learning.

Krueger, R. A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks,

CA: Sage.
Nunan, D. (1992). Research methods in language learning. Cambridge University Press.

Perry, F. L. (2011). Research in applied linguistics: Becoming a discerning consumer (2nd ed.). New

York, NY: Routledge

 Brainstorming Skill

1. Brainstorm on what type of research

design they are going to use?

2. What research design is appropriate for

your group’s study based on your research
title and purpose. Construct the “Research
Design” section of your manuscript’s
Chapter 3.
What are some of the considerations which
needs to be considered in research designb?

Quiz though oral