Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Glenn M. Ison
Glenn M. Ison
ISON
The end of the Second World War in 1945
....Expanded the scientific, technical, and
economic activities internationally.
Technology
commerce
....that is English (because of the economic
power of the US)
....key to the international currencies of
technology and commerce...
Business people wanted to sell their products
Mechanics who wanted to read instruction
manuals
Doctors who needed to keep up with latest
developments
Students who used textbooks and journals in
English
Western expertise into oil-rich countries
English became big business and commercial
pressures began to exert an influence.
The aim of linguistics before was to describe
grammar.
Widdowson, 1978 revealed that attention is
to discover the ways by which language is
used in actual communication.
Ewer and Latorre (1969), Swales (1971),
Selinker and Trimble (1976) on descriptions
of written scientific and technical English
Noam Chomsky (1965)
Competence and performance
Hymes (1968) (1972)
Social context
Halliday (1976)
Language functions
Savignon (1976)
Linguistic competence, textual competence,
functional competence
Canale and Swain (1980)
Grammatical, strategic, socio-cultural
competence
Canale (1983)
Grammatical, strategic, socio-cultural, and
discourse competence
Widdowson (1983)
Competence and capacity
Taylor (1988)
Instead of communicative competence, he
used communicative proficiency
Bachman (1990)
Grammatical competence, textual
competence, illocutionary competence, and
socio-linguistic competence
Bachman and Palmer (1996)
Grammatical knowledge, textual knowledge,
functional knowledge, and socio-linguistic
knowledge
Byram (1997)
Inter-cultural competence
Okvir (2005)
Language competence, pragmatic
competence, and socio-linguistic
competence
Contribution of educational psychology
Rodgers (1969) emphasized the central
importance of the learners and attitudes to
learning...
Expansion of demand of English
Developments in the field of linguistics
Educational psychology
I keep six honest serving men.
They taught me all I knew.
Their names are What and Why and When
And How and Where and Who.
...Rudyard Kipling
Determined by:
Tradition
Choice of textbook
or ministerial decree
Major considerations...
Why do students need to learn?
Who is going to be involved in the process?
(teachers, sponsors, inspectors, others)
When/Where is the learning taking place?
What does the student need to learn? What
aspects of language will be needed?
Who are learning the language?
Engineers
Mathematicians
Technologists
Scientists
Architects
Businesspeople
Chef
Others
Engineering Textbooks
Humanities/Social Studies Texts
Mathematics Texts, Books
Technology Texts
Technical-Vocational Texts
Accounting, Business, Management Books
Other Disciplines
Classical or traditional grammar
Greek and Latin.
Structural linguistics