• THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE SYSTEMS

• CONCEPTS ON POLICE ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT

& ADMINISTRATION

• PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT)

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
POLICE SYSTEMS

2
 QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by the Greek word “politeia”?
A. State of the Nation
B. Nationhood or Cityhood
C. Government of a City
D. Police Officers
2. Which society first use the word “Police” to
mean person who enforce the law?
A. Greeks B. French
C. Germans D. English
3
 POLICING SYSTEMS
Basic Concepts
Police – “Politeia” G, government of a city
“Politia” R, same meaning above
“Polizei” Gr, Safe keepers (territory)
“Police” F, persons to enforce law
**borrowed by the English and Americans to
refer to LAW ENFORCER.
** constable, patrol, F in origin
4
 Historical Background
 2300 B.C – Sumerians Lipithstar & Eshumma – set
standards on what constituted an offense against
society – the Sumerian Code
 2100 B.C – Babylonians – Code of King Hammurabi – Principle
LEX TALIONES – oldest harsh code.
 1500 B.C – Egyptians – Court system presided by
judges appointed by the Pharoah; Marine patrol &
custom house officers protecting commerce started;
first use of dog patrol; Medjays – civilian police under the
command of a military.
Ancient Greece – Ephori – law enforcers

5
Ancient Rome – 12 Tabulae (12 Tables) – the first written laws,
Emperor Augustus – created the
Praetorian Guard, Urban Cohorts (City Patrol),
and the Vigiles (fire fighters); Emperor Justinian – Justinian
Code became known as
Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Law)

**Vigiles –first civilian police force which keep the

peace very ruthlessly, hence the word vigilantes
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 Anglo-Saxon (England: 849-899) -Time of King Alfred
** Tun Policing – Tun (Town); Frankpledge system - 10 male
residents as guardians of the town known
as tythings (10 families).
** Hue and Cry – Complainant shouts for the
mandatory assembly of men to catch the culprit,
horn – oldest known warning device
** Royal Judge – investigates and punishes
** Trial by Ordeal – painful test of guilt/innocence

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Normal Period of Policing
**Shire-Rieve – shire (district/country) rieve (ruler)
later called Sheriff– England was divided into 55
military districts under the control of a rieve.
**Travelling Judge – renders judgment and gives
punishment
** Leges Henri – Law of King Henri I – policemen
were considered public officials
** Magna Carta – laws with the demand of the
Knights of the Round Table – beginning of national/local government and
legislation
a. no free men shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed or outlawed except by legal judgment of his peers
b. no person should be tried from murder unless there is proof the body of the victim
c. Beginning of the national and local government as well as legislation.

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Winchester Period
**Statute of Winchester- 1285 – Watchmen
(16 heads) - **Statute of 1295 – gate of London
close at sundown – curfew system adopted
** Justice of the Peace – a position with power to
arrest, pursue and impose punishment
**Star Chamber Court – special court to try
offenses against the state.

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**Keepers of the Peace – time of King Richard
appoint – Knights to keep the King’s Peace
** The Charlies – time of King Charles – appoint – night
watchers known as Bellmen - on duty from sunset to sunrise
** Bow Street Runner – time of Henry Fielding,
appointment of foot patrol, horse patrol
(mounted patrol).

10
Modern Period of Policing
**Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 –
modernize the police system of England;
creation of Scotland Yard – Robert Peel
“Father of Modern Policing”

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 In France
 16th Century - Paris had two patrols: Citizen Night Guard;
and the Royal Guard for the king’s protection. The Guard
motto that even today is on the French police emblem
“Vigilat ut Quiescant” - “He watches that they may sleep”
They were also called GENDARMIE – slang for police officers
 1791 - The position of “Officers de Paix” was formed
(origin of “Peace Officer”)
 The first French Police Officers - Sergent de Ville’ - servant of the city
In Italy and Spain
 Italian – Carabinieri
 Spanish – Guardia Civil

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 In the United States

 Boston, 1636 – formed the first “Night Watch” –

they were called “Leathermen”

 Philadelphia, 1833 – instituted the first daytime,

paid police service

 New York, 1844 – organized the first modern

American police force based on the English
Metropolitan police.

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 IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLICING

Brig.Gen. Rafael Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary in
1917.

Col. Antonio Torres - the first Filipino Chief of Police of the Manila Police
Department in 1935.

Col. Lambert Javalera -  the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department
after the Philippine Independence from the United States of America in 1946

Dir.Gen. Cesar Nazareno - the first chief of the Philippine National Police.

Capt. Henry Allen – the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901
 Development of Policing in the Philippines

Pre-Spanish – policing is tribal in nature

1712 – Carabineros de Seguridad Publico –
the mounted police
1836 – Guardrilleros – rural police
1852 – Guardia Civil – town police
1901 - Organic Act # 175 – Phil. Constabulary under Capt.
Henry T. Allen – first Chief
1917 – PC Filipinization – Brig. Gen. Rafael
Crame – First Filipino Chief of PC
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1935 – PC Personnel were absorbed by the
Philippine Army
1936 – Commonwealth Act #88 created the State Police
1938 – Commonwealth Act #343 – reconstituted
the Philippine Constabulary – PC became an
independent National Police Force
1939 - The Manila Police Department introduced
the bicycle patrol.

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 Japanese Occupation
1941 - The Japanese Military Police (Kempetai)
took over MPD.

Liberation Period
1945 - The MPD was reconstituted and placed
under American control. Col. Marcus Ellis Jones became
the Chief of Police of the MPD.
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• Aug. 1966 – RA 4864 – Police Act of 1966 –
Creation of the Police Commission - POLCOM
• 1975 – PD 765 – integration of the
national police - the PC/INP became the nucleus of
a united police force in the country

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• 1990 – R.A. 6975 – Creation of the Philippine National Police (PNP)
that is civilian in character and national in scope (Constitution)

• 1998 – RA 8551 – PNP Reform & Reorganization Act dubbed as the “PNP
Professionalization”.

• 12 August 2009 - RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on
the minimum educational qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting
the promotion system;
An Act extending for five (5) years the reglementary  period for ;
- complying with the minimum educational qualification for appointment to the PNP and
• - Adjusting the promotion system thereof, amending for the purpose pertinent provisions of
RA 6975 and RA 8551 and for other purposes

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CONCEPTS ON POLICE ORGANIZATION,
MANAGEMENT & ADMINISTRATION

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 FORMAL/ LINE ORGANIZATION
PRINCIPLE highly FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
LINE AND STAFF ORGANIZATION
S ORGANIZATION structured

INFORMAL
• Division of Labor /without
• Unity of Command structures
• Chain of Command
• Delegation of Responsibility and
EXECUTIVE
Authority DEPARTMENT
• Delineation of Responsibility
and Authority
• Span of Control 1. CONTINENTAL
THEORIES
• Command Responsibility 2. HOME RULE
LAW
ENFORCEMENT/
POLICE SERVICE 1. OLD
CONCEPTS
2. MODERN

Planning
Organizing
ADMINISTRATION OPERATION
Staffing
Directing PATROL
COordinating INVESTIGATION
Reporting TRAFFIC
Budgeting
Functional Territorial
Units Units
Organization – group – formal or informal
** Formal – structured
** Informal – non structured

Administration – process of POSDCRB

Management – resources (5Ms)

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 Police Organization

A group of trained personnel in the field of public

safety administration engaged in the achievement of
goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance
of peace and order, protection of life and property,
enforcement of the laws and the prevention of
crimes.

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TYPES OF POLICE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES:
 
An organizational structure is a mechanical means of depicting, by an
arrangement of symbols, the relationships that exist between individuals, groups
and functional relationships between groups and individuals clearly defined to
ensure accountability and compliance.
 
• LINE ORGANIZATION

• FUNCTIONAL  

• LINE AND STAFF ORGANIZATION

The straight line organization, often called the individual, military or departmental type of organization,
is the simplest and perhaps the oldest type; but it is seldom encountered in its channels of authority
and responsibility extends in a direct line from top to bottom within the structures, authority is definite
and result.

Line Type Organization

(military type; simplest type)

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 Functional Type Organization

The functional organization in its pure form is rarely found in present day organizations, except at or near the top of the very large organizations.
Unlike the line type of structure, those establishments organized on a functional basis violate the prime rule that men perform best when they
have but ONE SUPERIOR.
• Coordination of effort in this type of organization becomes difficult since the employees responsible for results may be subject to functional
direction of several persons.
• Discipline is difficult to administer because of this multi-headed leadership.
• There may be considerable conflict among the functional administrators, resulting in much confusion.

(specialized; functional managers)

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 Line and Staff Type Organization

The Line and Staff organization is a combination of the line and functional types. It combines staff specialist such
as the criminalists, the training officers, and the research and development specialists.
Channels of responsibility is to “think and provide expertise” for the line units.

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Police Management
Pertains to the utilization of available resources in an
organization. (5Ms)

Police administration
Refers to the processes used in the organization
(POSDCRB/POSDC)

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 > POSDCRB
Planning - setting performance objectives
Organizing - dividing the work to be done
Staffing - filling the org with the right people/position
Directing - making decisions
Coordinating – interrelating various parts of work
Reporting – keeping executives informed
Budgeting – fiscal planning, accounting, and control

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 Approaches in Managing
Police Organizations

Classical Approach

** Scientific Management - (F. Taylor) focus

on workers productivity
** Bureaucratic Management - (M.Weber)
focus on division of labor and hierarchy of
authority
** Administrative Mgmt - (H. Fayol)
the 14 management principles

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 The 14 Management Principle (FAYOL)
 Division of Work
 Authority and Responsibility - right to command
 Discipline
 Unity of Command
 Unity of Direction
 Subordination of individual interest to general interest
 Remuneration of Personnel
 Centralization
 Scalar Chain
 Order
 Equity
 Stability of personnel tenure
 Initiative
 Espirit de Corps

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Human Relations Approach
(Elton Mayo) – increase productivity
Behavioral Science Approach
(A. Maslow) – Hierarchy of Needs theory
(McGregor) – Theory X & Y

X - (lazy) Y – (hard worker)

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Contemporary Approach
- looking at the organization as a system
(system theory)
- recognizing internal and external variables
affecting organization (contingency theory)

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 PRINCIPLES of Police Organization
 Specialization –
grouping of activities and segregation of line, staff, and auxiliary functions.

 Hierarchy of Authority –
formal relationship among supers and subordinates in any organization

 Span of Control –
maximum number of subordinates at a given position

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 PRINCIPLES of Police Organization
 Delegation of Authority - conferring of an amount of authority by
a superior position to a subordinate

 Unity of Command – command should come from one superior

only

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 PRINCIPLES of Police Organization
 Division of Labor
For a police organization to be effective, work assignments must be
designed so that similar tasks, functions, and activities are given to an
individual or group for accomplishment

 Chain of Command
Primarily this principle provides for the vertical movement of authority up
and down established channels in the organizational hierarchy.
 PRINCIPLES of Police Organization

 Command responsibility
is a form of responsibility for omission to act: a superior may be held
criminally responsible under that doctrine where, despite his awareness of
the crimes of subordinates, he culpably fails to fulfill his duties to prevent
and punish these crimes

MALFEASANCE- wrongful or criminal act perpetrated by a public official

or other person of authority
MISFEASANCE- an act that lawful, but performed in an unlawful, illegal or
injurious manner
NONFEASANCE- the failure to do something that one is legally
responsible to do
 ORGANIZATIONAL TERMINOLOGIES

Functional Units
 Bureau – the largest organic functional unit within a large
department. It comprises of numbers of divisions.
Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau.
Section – functional unit within a division that is necessary
for specialization.
Unit – functional group within a section; or the smallest
functional group with in an organization.

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 Territorial Units
 
Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty,
such as a designated desk or office or an intersection or cross walk
from traffic duty. It is a spot location for general guard duty.
Route – a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called LINE
BEAT.
Beat – An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.
Sector – An area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts.
District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its
own station.
Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated
districts.

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 OTHER TERMINOLOGIES

 Sworn Officers – all personnel of the police department who have

oath and who posses the power to arrest.
 Superior Officer - one having supervisory responsibilities, either
temporarily or permanently, over officers of lower rank.
 Commanding Officer - an officer who is in command of the
department, a bureau, a division, an area, or a district.
 Ranking Officer - the officer who has the more senior rank/higher
rank in a team or group.
 Length of Service - the period of time that has elapsed since the
oath of office was administered.
 On Duty - the period when an officer is actively engaged in the
performance of his duty.

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 Leave of Absence - period, which an officer is excused from active duty by any
valid/acceptable reason, approved by higher authority.
 Sick Leave - period which an officer is excused from active duty by reason of illness
or injury.
 Suspension - a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an
officer from the privilege of performing his duties as result of violating
directives or other department regulations.
 Department Rules - rules established by department directors/supervisors to control
the conduct of the members of the police force.
 Duty Manual - describes the procedures and defines the duties of officers assigned
to specified post or position.
 Order - an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate, either a. General
Order, b. Special, or c. Personal
 Report - usually a written communication unless otherwise specifies to be verbal
reports; verbal reports should be confirmed by written
communication.

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 THE PNP ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP

PNP Staff and Support Units

 The Chief of the Philippine National Police  

 Deputy Chief of Philippine National Police for Administration
 Deputy Chief of Philippine National Police for Operations
 The Chief of Directorial Staff

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Directorial Staff (Functional Staff)
 
1.      Directorate for Personnel - Record Management
2.      Directorate for Intelligence
3.      Directorate for Operations
4.      Directorate for Investigation
5.      Directorate for Logistics
6.      Directorate for Plans
7.      Directorate for Comptrollership
8.      Directorate for Police Community Relations
9.      Directorate for Human Resources and Doctrine Development
10.    Directorate for Research and Development

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Administrative Support Units
 
1.      Logistic Support Service Legal Service
2.      Medical and Dental Service
3.      Computer Service
4.      Crime Laboratory Support Service
5.      Engineering Service
6.      Headquarters Support Service
7.      Finance Service
8.      Communications-Electronics Service
9.      Chaptain Service

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Operational Support Units
 
1.      Criminal Investigation
2.      Narcotics Command absorbed into the PDEA
3.      Traffic Management
4.      Intelligence
5.      Special Action Force
6.      Security
7.      Civil Security Force
8.      Maritime
9.      Police Community Relations
10.    Aviation Security
 

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 Ranking System
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS

Director General (DG) General

Deputy Director General (DDG) Lt General
Director (DIR) Maj General
Chief Superintendent (CSUPT) Brig.Gen.
Senior Superintendent (SR SUPT) Colonel
Superintendent (SUPT) Lt Colonel
Chief Inspector (CINSP) Major
Senior Inspector (SR INSP) Captain
Inspector (INSP) Lieutenant

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 NCOs
Senior Police Officer IV (SPO IV) Master Sergeant
Senior Police Officer III (SPO III) Tech. Sergeant
Senior Police Officer II (SPO II) Staff Sergeant
Senior Police Officer I (SPO I) Sergeant
Police Officer III (PO III) Corporal
Police Officer II (PO II)Private 1st Class
Police Officer I (PO I) Private

Cadets of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) are classified

above the Senior Police Officer IV and below the
Inspector rank in the PNP.

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48
 
FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

The Continental Theory – policemen are servants of higher authorities

and the people have little or no share at all in their duties, nor any direct
connection with them.
 
The Home Rule Theory – policemen are considered as servants of a
community who defend for the effectiveness of their functions upon the
express wishes of the people.
 
 
THE CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE

Old Concept – this old philosophy means throwing more people in jail
rather than keeping them out of jail. Punishment is the sole instrument of
crime control. The yardstick of efficiency is the number of arrested
suspects.

Modern Concept – police service today has broadened its activities to

include certain aspects of social service for the welfare of the people. The
yardstick of efficiency is the absence of crime.
 The OLD vs. the NEW
What is Traditional Policing?
The old system or concept of policing whereby
policemen are looked upon as an authority
representing the government it serve rather
than as a servant of the community. Here, The police
organization is used as protector of
“the few” instead of “the many”.

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 Yardstick of Police Efficiency
and Effectiveness

The main traditional purpose of the police is to

protect the authority (the government).

Hence, the yardstick of measuring police efficiency

under this kind of policing is the number of people
arrested of crimes and the number of people jailed.

“The more people arrested and thrown to jail, the more the police organization is effective and
efficient”.

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Comparing the old and new concepts …
The Political Era
The Reform Era
The Community Era

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 The Political Era (1840-1930)
The police forces were characterized by:
Authority coming from politicians and the law
A broad social service function
Decentralized organization
An intimate relationship with the community
Extensive use of foot patrol

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 The Reform Era (1930-1980)
The police forces were characterized by:
 Authority coming from the law and
professionalism
 Crime control as their primary function
 A centralized and efficient organization
 Emphasis on preventive motorized patrol and
rapid response to crime
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 The Community Era (1980’s-present)
Under this era of policing, police forces are
characterized by:
Authority coming from community support,
law and professionalism
Provision of broad range of police services, including crime
control
Decentralized organization
An intimate relationship with the community
Use of problem-solving approach

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 Traditional vs Community Policing

Who are the Police?

Traditional Community

A government agency Police are the public

for law enforcement and the public are the
police

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The Traditionalist The Community Oriented

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Distinction of Police Management from Police Administration –

Management is personnel administration as it is the development of people and

not of objects. It means getting the cooperation and coordination of human beings
so as to obtain effective results with people. It denotes function that directs and
guides the activities of the personnel of an organization in the realization of both
policies and objectives.

Administration on the other hand, is the function that determines the basic policies
and objectives of an organization and the means to be employed to achieve them.
 TYPES AND FORMS OF LEADERSHIP
 
AUTHORITARIAN (AUTOCRATIC) – provides clear expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be
done, and how it should be done. There is also a clear division between the leader and the followers. They
make decisions independently with little or no input from the rest of the group. Authoritarian leadership is
best applied to situations where there is little time for group decision-making or where the leader is the most
knowledgeable member of the group.

DELEGATIVE (LAISSEZ –FAIRE) – offers little or no guidance to group members and leave decision-making up
to group members. While this style can be effective in situations where group members are highly qualified in
an area of expertise, it often leads to poorly defined roles and a lack of motivation.

PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP (DEMOCRATIC) – is generally the most effective leadership style. They encourage
group members to participate, but retain the final say over the decision-making process.
Goals and Objectives distinguished

Objectives are a specific commitment to achieve a

measurable result within a specific period of time.
Goals are general statement of intention and typically
with time horizon or it is an achievable end state that
can be measured and observed. Making choices about
goals is one of the most important aspects of planning.
EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVITY DISTINGUISHED
 
Being EFFICIENT means “doing things right” while
being an EFFECTIVE means “doing the right things”.
 PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT
(HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT)

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 POLICE PERSONNEL
IN RE: R.A 8551
Flow of Personnel Career Pointers:
RECRUITMENT PROCESS -
Citizenship
Note: Qualifications -
Morality
-
Eligibility
SELECTION PROCESS
-
Education

Note: Procedures/Tests
-
Age Pointers:
-
Height -
Agility
-
Weight -
Medical
-
NP
-
Interview

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 APPOINTMENT
Note: Nature of Appointment
Appointing Authorities
TRAINING
Note: Standards of Training
Field Training
In Service Training
APPRAISAL
Note: Purposes
Standards of Evaluation

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 PROMOTION
Note: System of
promotion
Kinds of Promotion
ASSIGNMENT
Note: Purpose
Powers/Authorities
Salaries, Benefits, Privileges
Note: Incentives/Awards
Pays/Allowances
Retirement Benefit

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 INSPECTION
Note: Types
Powers/Authorities to Inspect
Types:
Authoritative Inspection – those conducted by the head of subordinate units in a regular basis.
Staff Inspection – those conducted by the staff in behalf of the Chief PNP or superior officers in command.
Ex. A.G.I

Authorities:
Internal (w in units) CPNP, RD, PD, CD, COP,
External (w in community) HRDD, IAS, NAPOLCOM

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 DISCIPLINARY MECHANISMS
Note: LCE, PLEB, IAS,
COP, RD, C/PNP
Admin Offenses
LCE – Mayor/Governor
Employ – Utilize PNP elements
Deploy – Physical movement
PLEB – Central receiving office of
all citizen’s complaint
Composition – 5 Note:
Term of office – 3 years Citizen’s Complaint (PLEB)
Breach of Internal Discipline
Forum Shopping

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 IAS Power
Inspect, Investigate, Summary Hearing,
Filing Cases, Assist Ombudsman

IAS Entry – Voluntary (5 years experience)

IAS Head – Inspector General (Civilian)

NAPOLCOM RAB/NAB
RAB – hear decision from PLEB, RD, Mayor
NAB – hear decision from CPNP

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 Administrative Offenses
Imposable Penalties
Light Offenses  Reprimand
Less Grave Offenses  Forfeiture of Privilege
 Suspension
Grave Offenses
 Demotion from Rank
 Dismissal from Service
Forms:
** or any combination
Malfeasance (Misconduct) – abuse power
Misfeasance (Irregularities) – improper perfo…
Non-feasance (Neglect of Duty) – refusal …
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 RETIREMENT
Note: Nature of Retirement

Retirement is either OPTIONAL or MANDATORY

OPTIONAL - YEARS OF SERVICE – 20 YEARS

MANDATORY – AGE OF MEMBER – 56 YEARS OLD

Retirement Benefit
50% of the base pay and longevity pay of the retired grade in case of twenty (20) years of active
service, increasing by 2.5% for
every year of active service rendered beyond twenty (20) years
to a maximum of 90% for 36 years of service and over.

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Thank You