fvlv`¶Zv Dbœqb 3

evsjv fvlvi
BwZnvm
23 †m‡Þ¤^i 2013
 c„w_exi fvlv‡Mvôx 1
1. B‡›`v-B‡qv‡ivcxq (Indo-European)―Bs‡iwR,
divwm, wn¯úvwb, i“k, wnw›`, evsjv|
2. †mwgwUK-†nwgwUK (Semitic-
Hamitic)―Aviwe, wneª“, wgkixq, †mvgvwj|
3. `ªvweo (Dravidian)―Zvwgj, †Z‡j¸, gvjqvjg,
Kvbvwo|
4. Aw÷ªK (Austric)―†Kvj, Lvwmqv, muvIZvwj,
gyÐvwi, †gvbL&‡gi (K‡¤^vwWqv, †c¸)|
5. wm‡bv-wU‡eUvb (Cino-Tibetan)―Pxbv,
Rvcvwb, _vB, wZeŸwZ, ewg©, †ev‡ov|
6. ev›Uz (Bantu)―Kvwdi, Ryjy, †mvqvwnwj|
 c„w_exi fvlv‡Mvôx 2
7. ZzK©-†gv½j-gvÂz (Turk-Mongol-
Manchu)―ZzwK©, ZvZvi, DR‡eK,
g‡½vwjqvb, gvÂz, Zz½yR|
8. K‡Kwkqvb (Caucasian)―RwR©qvb|
9. wd‡bœv-DMÖvK (Finno-
Ugrac)―wdwbk, nv‡½wiqvb|
10. GmwK‡gv (Eschimo)―wMÖbj¨vÛ †_‡K
A¨vjywkqvb ØxccyÄ|
11. nvBcvi‡evwiqvb (Hyperborian)―PzKwP|
B‡›`v-B‡qv‡ivcxq †Kš‘g kvLvi
fvM
 1. †KjwUK (Celtic)―AvBwik, ¯‹wUk, I‡qjk|
 2. BUvwjK (Italic)―BUvwjqvb, divwm,
wn¯úvwb, cZz©wMR, i“gvwbqvb|
 3. Rg©wbK (Germanic)―Bs‡iwR, Rg©b,
Ij›`vR, biI‡qwRqvb, myBwWk, †Wwbk|
 4. wMÖK (Greek)―wMÖK, †KvB‡b,
†WvwiK|
 5. †ZvLvwiqvb (Tokharian)―Zzi‡¯‹ eªvþx I
L‡ivôx wjwc‡Z GB fvlvi wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q|
B‡›`v-B‡qv‡ivcxq kZg kvLvi
fvM
 1. B‡›`v-Bivbxq ev Avh© (Indo-Iranian or
Aryan)―dviwm, ckZz, D`y©, wnw›`, evsjv,
†bcvwj, wmsnwj, gvjØxwc|
 2. ev‡ëvm­vwfK (Balto-Slavic)―i“k, †cvwjk,
wj_ywbqv, jvUwfqv, eyj‡Mwiqv, †PK|
 3. Avj‡ebxq (Albenian)―Avj‡ewbqvb (GB
fvlv wMÖK, j¨vwUb, BUvwjqvb I ZzwK©i
msKi)|
 4. Av‡g©bxq (Armenian)―Av‡g©wbqvb|
 Rg©wbK †Mvôxi eskjZv

Rg©wbK
Germanic

DËi Rg©wbK cwðg Rg©wbK

North Germanic West Germanic

myBwWk A¨vs‡jv-wd«kxq cÖvPxb WvP cÖvPxb g~j Rg©b

Swedish Anglo-Frisian Old Dutch Old High German

biI‡qwRqvb wd«kxq WvP BwWk

Norwegian Frisian Dutch Yiddish

AvBmj¨vÛxq Bs‡iwR AvwdªKxq Rg©b

Icelandic English Afrikaans German

†d¬wgk
Flemish
 B‡›`v-Bivbxq ev Avh© †Mvôxi
eskjZv

B‡›`v-Bivbxq ev Avh©
wLªc~ 2500

fviZxq Avh©
Bivbxq
wLªc~ 1500Ñ1200

cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©

Av‡e¯Ív cÖvPxb cviwmK ˆew`K (F‡M¦`)
wLªc~ 1000

dviwm Kzw`©
evsjv fvlvi eskjZv 1
c ÖvP xb f vi Z xq A vh ©
wL ªc ~ 1 0 0 0

m s ¯ ‹…Z A vw` g c ÖvK …Z

wL ªc ~ 8 0 0

c vwj c ÖvP xb c ÖvK …Z

wL ªc ~ 4 0 0
 evsjv fvlvi eskjZv 2
c ÖvP xb c ÖvK …Z : wL ªc ~ 4 0 0

c ÖvP xb D ` xP ¨ c ÖvP xb †k Ši ‡ m wb A ‡k vK wj wc i f vl v c ÖvP xb c ÖvP ¨ : wL ªc ~ 4 0 0

c ÖvP xb wm s n wj A a ©g vM wa c ÖK …Z g vM wa c ÖK …Z
wL ªc ~ 6 0 0 Ñ 6 0 0 wL ª

g vM wa A c å s k
6 0 0 wL ªÑ 1 0 0 0 wL ª

c ÖvP xb I wo q v e ½ K vg i ƒwc
1 0 0 0 wL ªÑ 1 4 0 0 wL ª

A n wg q v e vs j v
1 4 0 0 wL ª † _ ‡ K 1 8 0 0
 Avh© fvlvi kvLv
Pvi nvRvi eQi c~‡e© B‡›`v-Bivbxq ev
Avh© fvlv wZbwU kvLvq wef³ wQ‡jv:
1. Bivbxq―Av‡e¯—v, cn&jwe, dviwm,
†ejywP, Kzw`©¯—vwb, ckZz|
2. fviZxq―D`y©, wnw›`, evsjv, †bcvwj,
wmsnwj, gvjØxwc|
3. `i`xq―Kvk¥xwi, †Kvwn¯—vwb, Kvdwi
(Avwd«w`‡`i fvlv)|
 Avh©fvlvi weeZ©b
fviZxq Avh©fvlv‡K wZbwU ¯—‡i fvM
Kiv n‡q _v‡K:
 cÖvPxb fviZxq ¯—i wLª÷c~e© 1500

†_‡K wLª÷c~e© 600 ch©š—

 ga¨ fviZxq ¯—i wLª÷c~e© 600 †_‡K

1000 wLª÷vã ch©š—

 be¨ fviZxq ¯—i‡K aiv nq 1000 wLª÷vã

†_‡K|
 cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlvi
D`vniY
 ˆew`K, cÖvPxb cÖvK…Z, ms¯‹…Z
 cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlvi me©cÖ_g wb`©kb F‡M¦`
 ms¯‹…Z fvlv GB ¯—‡ii me‡P‡q D‡j­L‡hvM¨
D`vniY
 ms¯‹…Z fvlv wQ‡jv mgKvjxb cÖvK…Z fvlvi
ms¯‹…Z iƒc, hv cwðg fviZxq cÖvK…Z Øviv
cÖfvweZ
 ms¯‹…Z fvlvq †e`, ˆew`K mvwnZ¨, cyivY, ¯g„wZ
cÖf„wZ cÖPzi cwigv‡Y iwPZ n‡q‡Q
D`vniY
gnvfviZ †_‡K
 ZZt mi¯^ZxK‚‡j m‡gly gi“avš^my|
Kvg¨Kg& bvg ``„ïe©bg& gywbRbwcÖqg& \

evsjv A_© :
 Zvici Zviv Zv‡`i mvg‡b mi¯^Zx Zx‡ii

Rbk~b¨ mgZj †`L‡jb, Kvg¨K bvgK GB ¯’vb

mbœ¨vmx‡`i emev‡mi Rb¨ LyeB Dc‡hvMx|
ga¨ fviZxq Avh©fvlvi D`vniY
 cvwj, cÖvK…Z, Acåsk|
 ms¯‹…Z fvlvi Abyiƒc mvwnwZ¨K fvlv cvwj, hv
c~e©fviZxq cÖvK…Z Øviv cÖfvweZ
 AÂj‡f‡` cÖvK…‡Zi GKvwaK bvg wQ‡jv :
†kŠi‡mwb, gnvivwóª, gvMwa, Aa©gvMwa,
ˆckvwP|
 wkjvwjwc, `vbcÎ, †eŠ`&a mvwnZ¨, cÖvK…Z I
Acåsk mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨fviZxq Avh©fvlvi wb`k©b
cvIqv hvq
 ga¨ fviZxq Avh©fvlv
 ga¨ fviZxq Avh©fvlv‡K `w¶Y-cwðgv, cwðgv,
cÖvP¨ga¨v, cÖvP¨v cÖf„wZ fv‡MI web¨¯— Kiv
hvq| `i`xq Ges wRcwm‡`i fvlv‡KI A‡b‡K ga¨ fviZxq
Avh©fvlvi Ask wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib|
 cÖvP¨v `yB fv‡M wef³ : gvMwa Ges wmsnwj|
gvMwai fvM `yBwU―cwðg gvMwa Ges c~e©
gvMwa| cwðg gvMwai DËim~wi †fvRcywi, gMwn,
ˆgw_wj Ges c~e© gvMwai DËim~wi e½Kvgiƒwc
Ges Iwoqv| e½Kvgiƒwc †_‡K Anwgqv Ges evsjv|
 ga¨ fviZxq Avh©fvlv :
myZbyKv wjwc
DËivLÐ cÖ‡`‡ki ivgMo cvnv‡oi †hvMxgviv ¸nvq
cÖvß wLªc~ 2q `k‡Ki wkjvwjwc
 ïZbyK bg †`e‡`wkwK¨
Zs Kgwq_ ejb‡k‡q
†`ew`‡b bg jyc`‡L

evsjv A_© :
 myZbyKv bvgK †`e`vmx
Zv‡K fv‡jvevm‡Zv evivbmxi
†`ew`bœ bvgK iƒc`¶
cÖvPxb evsjv fvlvi D`vniY
Ph©vc`
Av‡j ¸i“ DGmB mxm|
evK&c_vZxZ Kvwne Kxm\
†RZB †evjx †ZZwe Uvj|
¸i“ †eve †m mxmv Kvj\
 
evsjv A_© :
e„_vB ¸i“ Dc‡`k †`q wkl¨‡K
evKc‡_i AZxZ‡K eY©bv Kiv hvq
bv
h‡ZvB Pjv hvq Z‡ZvB fyj nq
¸i“ †evev ZvB wkl¨ Kvjv
ga¨hyMxq evsjv fvlvi D`vniY
kªxK…òKxZ©b †_‡K (14 kZK)
fuvwMj †mvbvi NU hyoxevK cvix|
DËg R‡bi †bnv †Z‡nb gyivix \
†h cywb Avag Rb Avš—‡i KcU|
Zvnvi †m †bnv †hý gvwUi NU \

Ave`yj nvwK‡gi b~ibvgv †_‡K (17 kZK)

†hm‡e e‡½Z Rwg© wns‡m e½evYx
†mme Kvnvi Rg© wbY©q b Rvwb|
†`kx fvlv we`¨v hvi g‡b b hyqvq
wbR †`k Z¨vMx †Kb we‡`k b hvq|
ga¨hyMxq evsjv fvlvi D`vniY
1555 mv‡j A‡nvgivRv‡K †jLv
†KvPwenvi ivRvi cÎ
 †jLbs Kvh©vÂ| G_v Avgvi Kzkj|
†Zvgvi Kzkj wbiš—‡i evÃv Kwi|
ALb †Zvgvi Avgvi m‡š—vl m¤úv`K
cÎvcwÎ MZvqZ nB‡j DfqvbyK‚j
cÖxwZi exR A¼zwiZ i‡n|