Static Structural Analysis: Chapter Four

Chapter Four
Static Structural Analysis

Linear Static Structural Analysis
Chapter Overview Training Manual
• In this chapter, performing linear static structural analyses in
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

Simulation will be covered:
– Geometry and Elements
– Contact and Types of Supported Assemblies
– Environment, including Loads and Supports
– Solving Models
– Results and Postprocessing
• The capabilities described in this section are generally

applicable to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above.
– Some options discussed in this chapter may require more
advanced licenses, but these are noted accordingly.
– Free vibration, harmonic, and nonlinear structural analyses are
not discussed here but in their respective chapters.
August 26, 2005
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Basics of Linear Static Analysis Training Manual
• For a linear static structural analysis, the displacements {x} are

solved for in the matrix equation below:
Assumptions:
 K  x   F 
– [K] is constant
• Linear elastic material behavior is assumed
• Small deflection theory is used
• Some nonlinear boundary conditions may be included
– {F} is statically applied
• No time-varying forces are considered
• No inertial effects (mass, damping) are included
• It is important to remember these assumptions related to linear

static analysis. Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are
covered in later chapters.
August 26, 2005
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A. Geometry Training Manual
• In structural analyses, all types of bodies supported by

Simulation may be used.
• For surface bodies, thickness must be

supplied in the “Details” view of the
“Geometry” branch.
• The cross-section and orientation of line bodies are defined

within DesignModeler and are imported into Simulation
automatically.
– For line bodies, only displacement results are available.
ANSYS License Availability

DesignSpace Entra x
DesignSpace x August 26, 2005
Professional x Inventory #002265
Structural x
Mechanica l/Multiphysics x 4-4
… Point Mass Training Manual
• A Point Mass is available under the Geometry branch to

mimic weight not explicitly modeled
– A point mass is associated with surface(s) only
– The location can be defined by either:
• (x, y, z) coordinates in any user-defined Coordinate System
• Selecting vertices/edges/surfaces to define location
– In a structural static analysis, the point mass is affected by
“Acceleration,” “Standard Earth Gravity,” and “Rotational
Velocity”. No other loads affect a point mass.
– The mass is ‘connected’ to selected surfaces
assuming no stiffness between them.
– No rotational inertial terms are present.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Point Mass Training Manual
• A point mass will be displayed as a round, grey sphere

– a point mass in a linear static analysis can be used to account
for the additional mass of a structure not modeled
– No results are obtained for the Point Mass itself

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Material Properties Training Manual
• Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio are required for

linear static structural analyses
– Material input is handled in the “Engineering Data” application
– Materials are assigned per part in the geometry branch
– Mass density is required if any inertial loads are present
– Thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity are
required if any thermal loads are present
– Stress Limits are needed if a Stress Tool result is present
– Fatigue Properties are needed if Fatigue Tool result is present
• Requires Fatigue Module add-on license

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural /
… Material Properties Training Manual
• Engineering Data view shown below:

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
B. Assemblies – Solid Body Contact Training Manual
• When importing assemblies of solid parts, contact regions

are automatically created between the solid bodies.
– Contact allows non-matching meshes at boundaries between
solid parts
– Tolerance controls under “Contact” branch allows the user to
specify distance of auto contact detection via slider bar

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
… Assemblies – Solid Body Contact Training Manual
• In Simulation, the concept of contact and target surfaces

are used for each contact region
– One side of a contact region is referred to as a contact
surface, the other side is referred to as a target surface
– The contact surfaces are restricted from penetrating through
the target surfaces however the opposite is not true
• When one side is the contact and the other side is the target, this is
called asymmetric contact. If both sides are made to be contact &
target this is called symmetric contact
• By default, Simulation uses symmetric
contact for solid assemblies
• For ANSYS Professional licenses and
above, the user may change to
asymmetric contact, as desired

DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace / August 26, 2005
Structural x
• Four contact types are available:

Contact Type Iterations Normal Behavior (Separation) Tangential Behavior (Sliding)
Bonded 1 Closed Closed
No Separation 1 Closed Open
Frictionless Multiple Open Open
Rough Multiple Open Closed
– Bonded and No Separation contact are basically

linear and require only 1 iteration
– Frictionless and Rough contact are nonlinear
and require multiple iterations (small deflection
theory is still assumed)
• An “interface treatment” option is available:
– “Add Offset”: input zero or non-zero value for
initial adjustment
– “Adjusted to Touch”: ANSYS closes any gap to a
just touching position (ANSYS Professional and
above)
DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
• For the advanced user, some of the

contact options can be modified
– Formulation can be changed from “Pure
Penalty” to “Augmented Lagrange,” “MPC,” or
“Normal Lagrange.”
• “MPC” is applicable to bonded contact only
• “Augmented Lagrange” is used in classic ANSYS
• Note: the MPC formulation writes constraint

equations relating the movement of parts at an
interface. This can be an attractive alternative to
penalty method for bonded contact.
• Additional information on advanced contact is

presented in the Workbench nonlinear course as
well as the ANSYS documentation

DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace August 26, 2005
Structural x
• Advanced options (continued):

– Pin Ball Region:
• Inside pinball = near-field contact
• Outside pinball = far-field contact
• Allows the solver to more efficiently
process contact calculations
• Other advanced contact options will be

discussed in Chapter 11.
In this case, the gap between

the two parts is bigger than the
DesignSpace Entra pinball region, so no automatic
DesignSpace gap closure will be performed. August 26, 2005
Structural x
… Assemblies – Surface Body Contact Training Manual
• For ANSYS Professional licenses and above, mixed

assemblies of shells and solids are supported
– More contact options are exposed to the user
– Contact postprocessing is also available (discussed later)

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
… Assemblies – Surface Body Contact Training Manual
• Edge contact is a subset of general contact

– For contact including shell faces or solid
edges, only bonded or no separation
behavior is allowed
– For contact involving shell edges, only
bonded behavior using MPC formulation is
allowed
• If a gap exists the pinball region can be
used to detect contact beyond the gap.

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
… Assemblies – Contact Summary Training Manual
• Summary of contact types and options available in

Simulation:
Contact Geometry Solid Body Face Solid Body Edge Surface Body Face Surface Body Edge
Solid Body Face All types Bonded, No Separation Bonded, No Separation Bonded only
All formulations All formulations All formulations MPC formulation
Symmetry respected Asymmetric only Symmetry respected Asymmetric only
Solid Body Edge Bonded, No Separation Bonded, No Separation Bonded only
All formulations All formulations MPC formulation
Asymmetric only Asymmetric only Asymmetric only
Surface Body Face Bonded, No Separation Bonded only
All formulations MPC formulation
Symmetry respected Asymmetric only
Surface Body Edge Bonded only
MPC formulation
Asymmetric only

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
… Assemblies – Spot Weld Training Manual
• Spot welds provide a means of connecting shell

assemblies at discrete points
– Spotweld definition is done in the CAD software. Currently,
only DesignModeler and Unigraphics define spotwelds in a
manner that Simulation supports.
– Spotwelds can also be created in
Simulation manually, but only at
discrete vertices.

De signSpace Entra
De signSpace x
Professional x
Structural x
Mecha nical/Multiphysics x
De signMode le r x
Pro/ENGINEER
Unigra phics x
SolidW orks
Inventor
Solid Edge
Mecha nical Desktop
CATIA V4
CATIA V5 August 26, 2005
ACIS (SAT) Inventory #002265
Pa rasolid
IGES 4-17
C. Loads and Supports Training Manual
• There are four types of structural loads available:

– Inertial loads
• These loads act on the entire system
• Density is required for mass calculations
• These are only loads which act on defined Point Masses
– Structural Loads
• These are forces or moments acting on parts of the system
– Structural Supports
• These are constraints that prevent movement on certain regions
– Thermal Loads
• Structurally speaking, the thermal loads result in a temperature
field, which causes thermal expansion on the model.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural /
. . . Time Type Training Manual
• A time type option is available at certain license levels

• The default time type for loading is “static”
• “Transient” and “harmonic” time types are available as
options
• Sequence loading allows a series of static time steps to be
set up in advance and solved at once
• Sequenced results can be reviewed step by step

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
• Specify the desired number of sequence

steps in the “Steps” field in the main
toolbar.
• Enter the value of the load for each step
by first highlighting the desired step in
the graphics window.
• The chart in the graphics window

displays the variation of the load while a
legend in the graphics window displays
the current view setting.
August 26, 2005

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• Results of a sequenced simulation can be reviewed by highlighting

the solution of interest on the graph, “RMB > Retrieve Results”.
August 26, 2005

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… Directional Loads Training Manual
• For most loads/supports which have an

orientation, the direction can be defined by
components in any Coordinate System
– In the Details view, change “Define By” to
“Components”. Then, select the appropriate
CS from the pull-down menu.
– Specify x, y, and/or z components, which are
relative to the selected Coordinate System
– Not all loads/supports support use of CS:
Load Supports Coordina te System s

Acceleration No Loads/Supports not
Standard Earth Gravity No listed in the table do not
Rotational Velocity No
Force Yes
have direction
ANSYS License Availability Remote Force Location of Origin Only associated with it, so
DesignSpace Entra x Bearing Load Yes Coordinate Systems are
Professional x
Moment Yes not applicable.
Given Displacement Yes Inventory #002265
Structural x
… Acceleration & Gravity Training Manual

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Rotational Velocity Training Manual
• Rotational velocity:

– Entire model spins about an axis at a given rate
– Define by vector using geometry for axis of rotation
– Define by components supplying origin and components in
global or local coordinate system
– Input can be in radians per second (default) or RPM

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Forces and Pressures Training Manual
• Pressure loading:

– Applied to surfaces, acts normal to the surface
– Positive value into surface, negative value acts
out of surface
– Units of pressure are in force per area
• Force loading:
– Forces can be applied on vertices, edges, or
surfaces.
– The force will be evenly distributed on all entities.
Units are mass*length/time2
– Force can be defined via vector or component
methods

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Bearing Load Training Manual
• Bearing Load (cylindrical surfaces only):

– Radial component will be distributed on compressive side
using projected area (see below)
– Axial component is distributed evenly on cylinder
– Use only one bearing load per cylindrical surface. If the
cylindrical surface is split be sure to select both halves of
cylindrical surface when applying this load.
– Load is in units of force
– Bearing load can be defined
via vector or component method

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Moment Load Training Manual
• Moment Load:

– For solid bodies, a moment can be applied on any
surface
– If multiple surfaces are selected, the moment load
is evenly distributed
– Vector or component method can be used. The moment acts
about the vector using the right-hand rule
– For surface bodies, a moment can also be applied to a vertex
or edge with similar definition
– Units of moment are in Force*length.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Remote Load Training Manual
• Remote Load:

– applies an offset force on a surface or edge of a surface body
– The user supplies the origin of the force (vertices, cylinder or
x, y, z coordinates). A user-defined Coordinate System may
be used to reference the location.
– Can be defined using vector or component method
– Applies an equivalent force and moment on the surface
– Units are in force (mass*length/time2)
Load transfer surface

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
. . . Bolt Load Training Manual
• Bolt Load:

– Applies a pretension load to a cylindrical section simulating
bolt tightening
– Apply pretension load (force) or adjustment (length) as initial
condition
– For sequenced loading additional options are available (see
next page)
August 26, 2005

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• For static analyses the preload is applied in an initial solution and

external loads are applied in a subsequent solution
– Note this 2 step sequence is automatic and transparent
• The bolt load is automatically locked during the second solution

• For sequence analyses users may choose to lock or open the bolt
load in any load step except the first
August 26, 2005

Inventory #002265
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• Bolt Load Tips:

– Can be used only in 3D simulations
– Can be applied to cylindrical surfaces or bodies. Bodies
require a local coordinate system with the Z axis representing
the pretension direction
– A refined mesh is recommended (must be more than 1 element
along the bolt section)
August 26, 2005

Inventory #002265
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… Supports (General) Training Manual
• Fixed Support:

– Constraints all degrees of freedom on vertex, edge, or surface
• Solid bodies: constrains x, y, and z
• Surface and line bodies: constrains x, y, z, rotx, roty and rotz
• Given Displacement:
– Applies known displacement on vertex, edge, or surface
– Allows for imposed translational displacement in x, y, and z (in
user-defined Coordinate System)
– Entering “0” means that the direction is constrained.
– Leaving the direction blank means that the entity is free to
move in that direction

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Supports (Solid Bodies) Training Manual
• Frictionless Support:

– Applies constraint in normal direction on surfaces
– For solid bodies, this support can be used to apply a
‘symmetry’ plane boundary condition since ‘symmetry’ plane
is same as normal constraint
• Cylindrical Constraint:
– Applied on cylindrical surfaces
– User can specify whether axial, radial, or tangential
components are constrained
– Suitable for small-deflection (linear) analysis only

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Supports (Solid Bodies) Training Manual
• Compression Only Support:

– Applies a constraint in the normal compressive direction
– Can be used on a cylindrical surface to model a
pin (referred to as “Pinned Cylinder” 7.1)
– Notice in the example above the outline of the undeformed cylinder is

shown. The compressive side retains the shape of the original
cylinder, but the tensile side is free to deform.
– This requires an iterative (nonlinear) solution.
DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Supports (Line/Surface Bodies) Training Manual
• Simply Supported:

– Can be applied on edge or vertex of surface or line bodies
– Prevents all translations but all rotations are free
• Fixed Rotation:
– Can be applied on surface, edge, or vertex of surface or line
bodies
– Constrains rotations but translations are free

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Thermal Loading Training Manual
• Temperature causes thermal expansion in the model

– Thermal strains are calculated as follows:
 thx   thy   thz   T  Tref 
where  is the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE), Tref is the
reference temperature at which thermal strains are zero, T is
the applied temperature, and th is the thermal strain.
– CTE is a material property defined in “Engineering Data”
and has units of strain per temperature
– The reference temperature is defined in the
“Environment” branch

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
… Thermal Loading Training Manual
• Thermal loads:

– Any temperature loading can be applied (see Chapter 6 on
Thermal Analysis for details)
– Simulation will always perform a thermal solution first, then
use the calculated temperature field as input when solving the
structural solution.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
D. Workshop 4.1 – Linear Structural Analysis Training Manual
• Workshop 4.1 – Linear Structural Analysis

• Goal:
– A 5 part assembly representing an impeller type pump is
analyzed with a 100N preload on the belt.
August 26, 2005

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E. Solution Options Training Manual
• Solution options can be set under the “Solution”

branch
– Save ANSYS db:
• Useful if you want to open a database in ANSYS
– Two solvers are available in Simulation:
• The “Direct” solver is useful for models containing
thin surface and line bodies. It is a robust solver
and handles any situation (Sparse solver in ANSYS)
• The “Iterative” solver is most efficient when solving
large, bulky solid bodies. It can handle large models
well, although it is less efficient for beam/shells (PCG
solver in ANSYS)

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Solution Options Training Manual
– Weak springs can be added to stabilize model

• If “Program Controlled” is set, Simulation tries to anticipate under-
constrained models. If no “Fixed Support” is present, it may add
weak springs and provide an informative message letting the user
know that it has done so
• This can be set to “On” or “Off”.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Solution Options Training Manual
– Solution Information:

• Analysis Type: Static Structural, thermal, etc
• Nonlinear solution: indicated when options cause the
solution to be nonlinear. These type of solutions
require multiple iterations and take longer than linear
solutions.
• Solver Working Directory:
– Location where scratch files are saved during
solution
– Default is the TEMP directory on Windows
systems
– Can be changed in “Tools > Options … >
Simulation: Solution > Solver Working Directory”
– Solver Messages: review messagges triggered
during the solution by clicking “Solver Messages”
field

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Solving the Model Training Manual
• To solve the model, request results first (covered next) and

click on the “Solve” button on the Standard Toolbar
– By default, two processors (if present) will be used for parallel
processing. To set the number, use “Tools > Options … >
Simulation: Solution > Number of Processors to Use”

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
F. Results and Postprocessing Training Manual
• Various results are available for postprocessing:

– Directional and total deformation
– Components, principal, or invariants of stresses and strains
– Contact output
• Requires ANSYS Professional and above
– Reaction forces
• In Simulation, results are usually requested before solving,

but they can be requested afterwards, too.
– If you solve a model then request results afterwards, click on
the “Solve” button , and the results will be retrieved. A
new solution is not required for linear analyses
August 26, 2005

Inventory #002265
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… Plotting Results Training Manual
• All of the contour and vector plots are usually shown on

the deformed geometry. Use the Context Toolbar to
change the scaling or display of results to desired settings.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Deformation Training Manual
• The deformation of the model can be plotted:

– Total deformation is a scalar quantity:
U total  U x2  U y2  U z2
– The x, y, and z components of deformation can be
requested under “Directional.”

– if a “Coordinate System” branch is present, users
can
request directional results in a given coordinate
system.
– Vector plots of deformation are available.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Deformation Training Manual
• Deformation results are available for line, surface, and solid

bodies
– Because deformation (displacements) are DOF which
Simulation solves for, the convergence behavior is well-
behaved when using the Convergence tool

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Stresses and Strains Training Manual
• Stresses and strains:

– Stresses and (elastic) strains have six components
(x, y, z, xy, yz, xz) while thermal strains have three
components (x, y, z)
– For stresses and strains, components can be requested under
“Normal” (x, y, z) and “Shear” (xy, yz, xz). For thermal strains,
(x, y, z) components are under “Thermal.”

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural /
… Stress Tools Training Manual
• Safety Factors (choose from 4 failure

theories):
– Ductile Theories:
• Maximum Equivalent Stress
• Maximum Shear Stress
– Brittle Theories:
• Mohr-Coulomb Stress
• Maximum Tensile Stress
– Within each stress tool safety factor,
safety margin and stress ratio can be
plotted

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Contact Results Training Manual
• Contact Results:

• If asymmetric or auto-asymmetric contact is used, then contact
results will be reported on the ‘contact’ surfaces only. The ‘target’
surfaces will report zero values, if requested.
• If symmetric contact is used, then contact results will be reported
on both surfaces. For values such as contact pressure, the actual
contact pressure will be an average of both surfaces in contact.
– Contact results are first requested via a “Contact Tool” under
the Solution branch.

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
• The user can specify contact output under “Contact Tool”

– The Worksheet view easily allows users to select which
contact regions will be associated with the “Contact Tool”
– Results on ‘contact’ or ‘target’ sides (or both) can be selected
from the spreadsheet (symmetric vs. asymmetric contact)
– Specific contact results chosen from Context Toolbar
Select contact regions you want to

review (add more “Contact Tool”
branches to look at contact region
output separately).
Right-click on the worksheet to see
other available options.
For the “Contact Tool”, then
request contact output results, and
those results will correspond to
selected contact regions.

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
• Contact Results:

– Pressure: shows distribution of normal contact
pressure
– Penetration/Gap: shows the resulting amount of
penetration or gap (within pinball radius).
– Sliding Distance: distance one surface has slid
with respect to the other.
– Frictional Stress: is tangential contact traction
due to frictional effects.
– Status: open or closed
• For the open state, near-field means that it is
within pinball region, far-field means that it is
outside of pinball region.
Contour results are plotted with the

ANSYS License Availability rest of the model being translucent
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
for easier viewing. August 26, 2005
Structural x
… Contact Forces Training Manual
• Contact Reactions: requested for “Contact Tool”, forces and

moments are reported for the requested contact regions
– Under the “Worksheet” tab, contact forces for all requested contact
regions will be tabulated
– Under the “Geometry” tab, symbols will show direction of contact
forces and moments.

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
… Reaction Forces at Supports Training Manual
• Reaction forces and moments are output for each support

– Reaction forces and moments are shown in the details for
each support. X, Y, and Z components are reported with
respect to the world coordinate system. Moments are
reported at the centroid of the support.
– The reaction force for weak springs, if used, are listed under
the “Environment” branch Details. The weak spring reaction
forces should be small to ensure that the effect of weak
springs is negligible.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Reaction Forces at Supports Training Manual
• The “Worksheet” tab for “Environment” branch has a

summary of reaction forces and moments
– If a support shares a vertex, edge, or surface with another
support, contact pair, or load, the reported reaction forces
may be incorrect.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Fatigue Training Manual
• If the Fatigue Module add-on license is available, additional

post-processing involving fatigue calculations is possible
– The “Fatigue Tool” provides stress-based fatigue calculations
to aid the design engineer with evaluating the life of
components in the system
– Constant or variable amplitude loading, proportional or non-
proportional loading is possible
Damage Matrix at Critical Location Contour of Safety Factor

August 26, 2005
Inventory #002265
Fatigue Module x 4-55
G. Workshop 4.2 – 2D vs 3D Analysis Training Manual
• Workshop 4.2 – Comparing 2D and 3D Structural Analysis

• Comparing 2D and 3D structural analyses.
• Shown here are the 3D sector model and the 2D axisymmetric model.
Pressure Cap
Retaining Ring
August 26, 2005
Inventory #002265
4-56

Static Structural Analysis: Chapter Four

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Chapter Four

Static Structural Analysis

• In this chapter, performing linear static structural analyses in

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• The capabilities described in this section are generally

• For a linear static structural analysis, the displacements {x} are

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• It is important to remember these assumptions related to linear

• In structural analyses, all types of bodies supported by

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• For surface bodies, thickness must be

• The cross-section and orientation of line bodies are defined

ANSYS License Availability

• A Point Mass is available under the Geometry branch to

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• A point mass will be displayed as a round, grey sphere

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio are required for

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Engineering Data view shown below:

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• When importing assemblies of solid parts, contact regions

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• In Simulation, the concept of contact and target surfaces

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Four contact types are available:

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

– Bonded and No Separation contact are basically

• For the advanced user, some of the

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• Note: the MPC formulation writes constraint

• Additional information on advanced contact is

ANSYS License Availability

• Advanced options (continued):

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• Other advanced contact options will be

In this case, the gap between

• For ANSYS Professional licenses and above, mixed

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Edge contact is a subset of general contact

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Summary of contact types and options available in

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Spot welds provide a means of connecting shell

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• There are four types of structural loads available:

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability