Group Functions

What is group function

• Group functions are built-in SQL functions that
operate on groups of rows and return one
value for the entire group.
• Unlike single-row functions, group functions
operate on sets of rows to give one result per
group.
 Types of Group Functions
•AVG
•COUNT
•MAX
•MIN
•STDDEV
•SUM
• VARIANCE
 Using Group Functions

SELECT [column, ] group_function(column)

FROM table
[WHERE condition]
 AVG and SUM Functions

• AVG and SUM functions are used for numeric

data.
Example:
SELECT AVG(column_name) ,
SUM(column_name)
FROM emp
 MIN and MAX Functions
• You can use MIN and MAX for any datatype.
For numeric datatype:
SELECT min(column_name) , max(column_name)
FROM emp
For date datatype:
SELECT MIN(column_name having date values) ,
MAX(column_name having date values)
FROM emp
For char datatype:
SELECT MIN(column_name having char values) ,
MAX(column_name having char values)
FROM emp
 COUNT Function
• This function returns the number of rows in
the table.
• The COUNT function has two formats:
• COUNT(*)
• COUNT(expr)
COUNT(*)
COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a table, including
duplicate rows and rows containing null values in any of the
columns.
Syntax:
SELECT COUNT(*)
From table
COUNT(expr)
COUNT(expr) returns the number of non NULL rows in a table,
i.e. number of rows that satisfies expression .
Syntax:
SELECT COUNT(columnname)
FROM table
 Group Functions and Null Values

• All group functions except COUNT ignore null

values in the column.
• Example:
AVG(column_name) returns an average value
calculated upon the rows in the table where
a valid value is stored .
 Group data by using Group By clause

All group functions have treated the table as one

large group of information. At times, you need
to divide the table of information into smaller
groups.
• This can be done by using the GROUP BY
clause.
 Syntax:
SELECT column_name,
group_function(column_name)
FROM emp
GROUP BY column_name ;
 More detailed syntax
SELECT column, group_function (column)
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group by]
[ORDER BY column];
 Grouping by More Than One Column

• SELECT deptno, job, SUM(sal)

• FROM emp
• GROUP BY deptno
• ORDER BY deptno ;
 Restriction on Groups
• You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict
groups.
• You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups.
Example:
SELECT deptno, AVG(sal)
FROM emp
WHERE AVG(sal) > 2000
GROUP BY deptno;
Wrong statemnet
SELECT deptno, AVG(sal)
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno
HAVING AVG(sal) > 1000
Right Statement
Hence WHERE clause is used to restrict the
rows and HAVING clause is used to restrict
groups.
 Excluding Group Results: HAVING Clause
• Use the HAVING clause to restrict groups
• Rows are grouped.
• The group function is applied.
• Groups matching the HAVING clause
are displayed.
Syntax:
SELECT column, group_ function
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[ HAVING group_condition ]
[ORDER BY column];
• SELECT deptno, max(sal)
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno
HAVING max(sal) > 2900;
 Exercise:
• Write the sql statement for displaying salary of
the lowest paid employee group by
department number.Exclude groups where the
minimum salary is less than 11,000.
Sort the output in descending order of deptno.