CHAPTER 5:

WATER AND SOLUTION

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN IN CHAPTER 5??
 Physical characteristics of water
 Composition of water
 Evaporation of water
 Solution and solubility
 Acid and alkali
 Water purification
 Water supply system
 Preservation of water quality
5.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER

Colourless, odourless, tasteless

Has pH value 7
Poor thermal and electrical conductor
Freezing point = 0oC
Boiling point = 100oC
Density = 1g/cm3
CHANGES OF THE STATE OF MATTER CAUSED BY THE
ABSORPTION AND THE RELEASE OF HEAT BASED ON
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
Effects of impurities on the physical characteristics of water

Freezing point <0 C o

+ Salt = Boiling point > 100 C o

Density > 1g/cm 3

COMPOSITION OF WATER
Compound which is made up
WATER of the elements hydrogen
and oxygen

Chemical formula: H2O

Electrolysis can determine the

composition of water
oxygen hydrogen In the electrolysis…
Hydrogen gas released at the
cathode.
Oxygen gas released at the anode.
Volume of hydrogen gas is two times
than volume of oxygen.
So, water is made up of 2 volumes of
anode cathode hydrogen and one volume of oxygen.

-
+
2H + O  H2O
+ 2-
oxygen hydrogen

anode cathode

+ -
EVAPORATION OF WATER

A process in which liquid

changes
to gas at any temperature
below the liquid’s boiling point
FACTORS
THAT AFFECT
THE RATE OF
EVAPORATIO
Humidity
the higher the humidity, the slower the process of evaporation
Temperature of surrounding
the higher the temperature of surrounding, the faster the
process of evaporation
Surface area of the water
the larger the surface area of the water, the faster the process
of evaporation
Air movement
Moving air helps to remove water molecules from the water
surface
APPLICATIONS OF
THE EVAPORATION
OF WATER IN
DAILY
LIFE
1. Drying clothes
2. Preservation of agricultural products (fish
cracker, dried shrimps, anchovies, dried chillies)
3. Threating injury
- evaporation of alcohol reduces the pain
4. Cooling down the body
-sweat that evaporate from skin’s surface
will remove heat
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN IN CHAPTER 5??
 Physical characteristics of water
 Composition of water
 Evaporation of water
 Solution and solubility
 Acid and alkali
 Water purification
 Water supply system
 Preservation of water quality
5.2 SOLUTION AND RATE OF SOLUBILITY
Solution Mixture formed when a solute
dissolves in a solvent
Solute substance that dissolve in a liquid
Solvent liquid that dissolves a substance
DILUTE, CONCENTRATED AND SATURATED SOLUTION

DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION
 SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION

Mixture containing Mixture containing

dissolve substance insoluble substance
SOLUBILITY
Maximum
??
amount of the
solute that can
dissolve in 100 ml
of solvent at a
specific
temperature
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF DISSOLVING
Temperature Rate of stirring Size of solute
 COLLOID
- Mixture of two or more solutes dispersed evenly in a solvent.
- However, colloids neither form a clear mixture nor precipitate
EXAMPLE:-
TYNDALL
EFFECT Light beam Light beam
not visible visible
QUIZ
 Water As A Universal Solvent
• Due to its ability to dissolve almost all substances, solids,
liquids or gases
 Water As A Universal Solvent
• Water – solvent in domestic used
– raw material in manufacturing industry, agriculture
and medicine

Fertiliser
dissolve
in water
 Water As A Universal Solvent
• Water – solvent in domestic used
– raw material in manufacturing industry, agriculture
and medicine

Soft drinks
are produced
using water as
a solvent
 Water As A Universal Solvent
• Water – solvent in domestic used
– raw material in manufacturing industry, agriculture
and medicine
Water dissolves
detergents
used in
cleaning
process
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN IN CHAPTER 5??
 Physical characteristics of water
 Composition of water
 Evaporation of water
 Solution and solubility
 Water purification
 Water supply system
 Water sustainability
5.3 WATER PURIFICATION AND WATER SUPPLY
WATER PURIFICATION METHOD

1.Filtration
2.Boiling and chlorination
3.Distillation
Filtration
 FILTRATION
ADVANTAGE
-Separate suspended particle

DISADVANTAGE
- Not remove microorganism
- Not remove salt
 BOILING / CHLORINATION
ADVANTAGE
-Kill microorganism
-safe for drinking

DISADVANTAGE
- Unable to remove any
suspended particle
Example of
Suspended
particle in
water
Distillation
 DISTILLATION
ADVANTAGE
- separate suspended
particle
- dissolved substances
- Kill microorganism

DISADVANTAGE
- Not safe for drinking
Solving The Problems Of Water Supply

Singapore has
limited water
supply.

NEWater Project
NEWater – modern technologies to recycle
sewage into drinking water and industrial uses
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
 USAGE
Industrial
OF use
WATER
Domestic
Direct use use
of water Agriculture
Water source
1. Water reservoir
2. Filtration
Metal screen
remove
large objects
such as
leaves, tree
branches
etc.
3. Oxidation
Water pumped
upwards
 to dissolve oxygen
 remove unpleasant
taste and smell
 4. Coagulation
Alum
 Makes small particle stick
together
 Forming large lumps (sink
to the bottom faster)
Slaked Lime
 Reduce acidity of water
5. Sedimentation

Large
lumps are
removed
6. Filtration
Remove
remaining
solid
particles
 7. Chlorination and fluoridation
Chlorine
 Kill harmful
microorganism
Sodium Fluoride
 Prevent dental
decay
8. Clean water tank
Water Sustainability
 DOMESTIC
WASTE
Ways to overcome:
- Upgrade sewerage
system
- Educate people
- Improve sanitation
facilities in rural area
 INDUSTRIAL
WASTE
Ways to overcome:
Enforce laws

to ensure industrial waste

is treated before being
discharged into the river
AGRICULTURAL
WASTE

Ways to overcome:
Educate farmers

to use biodegradable
fertilisers and
pesticides
 OIL
SPILLAGE
Ways to overcome:
- surround and contain oil
spilled at sea using National
Oil Spill Contigency Plan
Revised Year 1999/2000
- Improve air surveillance
with the cooperation of Air
Police Unit
CHECK YOUR ANSWER..

Summative practice
5