Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Surface Modeling Unit-2
Surface Modeling Unit-2
Duration: 120
S.No. Outcomes
Analytical Surface
Primitive surface Analytic geometry: The geometry which
Plane surface are defined by analytic equations are said
Offset surface to be analytic geometry. Examples: Lines,
Tabulated cylinder Circles, Ellipses, Parabolas and
Surface of revolution Hyperbolas. This geometry can not be
Swept surface modified.
Ruled surface
Synthetic Surfaces
Synthetic geometry is needed when a
Bicubic surface
geometry is represented by a collection of
Bezier surface data points.
B-Spline surface
Parametric representation:
p = p(u,v)
x=x(u,v),y=y(u,v),z=z(u,v)
v=1
- ,v )
n(u i j
u=ui
v=v
-p(u ,vj )
i j
v=0
Primitive surfaces
Plane surface
Offset surface
Tabulated cylinder
Surface of revolution
Swept surface
Ruled surface
• Plane
P(u, v) = u i + v j + 0 k
• Cylinder
P(u, v) = R cos u i + R sin u j + v k
• Sphere
P(u, v) = R cos u cos v i + R sin u cos v j + R sin v k
• Cone
P(u, v) = m v cos u i + m v sin u j + v k
• Torus
P(u, v) = (R + r cos v) cos u i + (R + r cos v) sin u j + r sin v k
Mechanical Engineering Department,
07/22/2020 8
JNTUHCEM
Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Planar Surface
p(u, v) p0 u ( p1 p0 ) v( p2 p0 ) 0 u 1;0 v 1
p1 p0 p 2 p0
rˆ ; sˆ ; Normalized Direction Vectors
p1 p0 p 2 p0
Vector
Surface generation
curve
Curve
Axis
Mechanical Engineering Department,
07/22/2020 12
JNTUHCEM
Surface of Revolution
8. Surfaces and Surface Modeling
When a planar curve is revoled around the axis with an angle v a circle is
constructed (if v=360 ). Center is on the revolving axis and rz(u) is variable.
Swept Surface Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Spine
Defining curve
C1(u)=G(u)
C2(u)=Q(u)
Ruled surce only permits slope in the direction of curves in u direction. Surface has zero slope in v
direction. Ruled surface cannot be used to model surfaces that have slopes in 2 directions.
Bicubic surface
Bezier surface
B-Spline surface
• A cubic parametric patch can be expressed in terms of basis function and control
points.
• Extension of cubic curve
• 16 unknown coefficients - 16 boundary conditions
• Tangents and “twists” at corners of patch can be used
; Hermite matrix
The second order twist vectors Puv are difficult to define. The
Ferguson surface
(also called the F-surface patch) is a bicubic surface patch with zero
twist vectors at the patch corners. Thus, the boundary matrix for the
F-surface patch becomes:
F-surface patch
• Advantages
– Boundary curves are Hermite curves
– Interior points can be controlled
• Disadvantages
–What should be the twist factor? It is not esay to sense the effect of twist
vector(Ferguson pacth twist vector is 0).
– Cannot be used with high order polynomials.
Bezier Surfaces:
• Two sets of orthogonal Bezier curves can be used to design an object surface.
• A tensor product Bezier surface is an extension for the Bezier curve in two parametric
directions u and v:
• P(u, v) is any point on the surface and P ij are the control points. These points form the
vertices of the control or characteristic polyhedron.
• Curves are formed,
when u is constant v changes in [0..1]
when v is constant u changes in [0..1]
• Like in Beziér curves Bin(u) and B jm(v) n. and m. Deg ree Bernstein polynomials.
• Generally n=m=3: cubic Beziér patch is used. (4x4=16 control points; Pi,j is necessary.)
A tensor product B-spline surface is an extension for the B-spline curve in two
parametric directions u and v.
For n=m=3, the equivalent bicubic formulation of an open and closed cubic B-spline
surface can be derived as below.
where [P] is an (n +1)×(m +1) matrix of the vertices of the characteristic polyhedron of
the B-spline surface patch.
For a 4×4 cubic B-spline patch: