Introduction to ICT

Mujtaba haider
Credits: 2-1
Contacts
 Office:
 Faculty Block-2nd Floor (Left wing)
 SEECS Building
 Office Hours:
 Monday 1000 – 1200 hrs (tentative)
 email:
 mujtaba.haider@niit.edu.pk
 Exceptional meeting:
 Give me an email and get time.

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Course Outline
 Introduction to IT  System Unit
 Computing & Communication  Storage Devices
 Understanding Computer  Data Entry Devices
 Peripheral Devices  Output Devices
 Connectivity, Interactivity & Multimedia  Telecommunications
 Internet Access Devices and  Basics of Digital &
connecting medias Analogue Signal
 World Wide Web  Digital Communication
 Browsers & Search Engines  Networks & Protocols
 Web Page Basic Design  Databases
 Application Software  Data Mining
 Microsoft Office  E-Commerce
 Operating Systems  Security Issues
 Hardware Technology  Artificial Intelligence
 System Development
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Books

 Text Books

Introduction to Computers Peter Norton’s (5th

Edition)

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Books
 Reference Books (very important part)
 Using Information Technology by Brian K. Williams and
Stacy C. Sawyer (6th Edition)
 Computers by Larry Long, Nancy Long 6th Edition
 Computer Fundamentals by P.K. Sinha
 Introduction to computes and information systems by Robert
A., Donald P., Norma A., donna M. (2nd Edition)
 WEB References
 www.howstuffworks.com
 www.whatis.com

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Evaluation

Quizzes : 10 %
MID TERM : 30 %
Lab/Assignments : 10%
Project : 10 %
Final Test : 40%

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Policies
 You are responsible for what is covered
in class – even if you don’t show up
 Deficiency in attendance may lead to
termination or relegation
 You are encouraged to help each other
with your homework assignments – but
you must turn in your own work
 If you are found to be cheating, you will
fail at least the assignment / test and
perhaps the entire class
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Policies

 If you have any learning disabilities or

special needs, please let me know in
advance through email or personal
meeting
 Check your email regularly for messages
 Quizzes are unannounced

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 Chapter 1A
Introducing Computer Systems
& Basic Definitions
 Computer Technology

 Computer  computes
 Programmable, multiuse machine that
accepts data and figures and processes
it into usable information.
Data & Instructions Information/Results
Processing/
Computation

Storage
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Few Basics….

Computer

Hardware Software

CPU Memory I/O Etc. Application System

Software Software

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Communications

 the activity of communicating; the activity

of conveying information

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Online

 Availability for communication

 You cannot be online if you have a

computer, modem but not a phone line

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1.2 The “All-Purpose Machine”: The
Varieties of Computers

All Computers, Great & Small: The

Categories of Machines

1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframes
3. Workstations
4. Microcomputers
5. Microcontrollers
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Supercomputers
 High-capacity machines with hundreds of
thousands of processors that can perform
over 1 trillion calculations per second.  E.g
IBM ASCI White, Cray
 Used where High Performance computing
is required
 Usually used for weather forecasting,
Missile simulations, Nuclear Fusion
simulations IBM ASCI White

IBM ASCI White 15
 Mainframes
 Water- or air-cooled
computers that vary in size
from small, to medium, to
large, depending on their
use.
 E.g IBM AS/400
 Normally Dumb Terminals
are connected to these
main frames. Processing is
done by Main Frames
 Dumb terminals only have
keyboard, monitors
VP2400 mainframe
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Workstations

 Expensive,
powerful
computers usually
used for complex
scientific,
mathematical,
and engineering
calculations and
for computer-
aided design and Sun Microsystems workstation
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Microcomputers
 A Desk Top Personal Computer
 Your home computers… Celeron
 Now Desktop and Workstations are combining.
i.e Your PC is also becoming powerful enough

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Microcomputers

 A Tower Case Personal Computer

Sony tower PC
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Microcomputers
 A Lap Top Personal Computer
 Lightweight portable computers with built-in
monitor, keyboard, hard-disk drive, battery and
AC adapter.

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Microcomputers
 A Personal Digital
Assistant
 Getting Very popular

 Personal organization
tools-schedule
planners, address
books, to-do lists, send
e-mail and faxes.
 New generation that
incorporates mobile
phone and
microcomputer.
 HP 5555
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Microcontrollers
 Embedded computers are the tiny,
specialized microprocessors installed in
"smart" appliances and automobiles.

Question: Difference b/w microcontrollers and microprocessors

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 1.3 Understanding Your Computer

How Computers Work - Concept #1

The purpose of a computer is to process data into information .

Information
Data
 Data that has been
 The raw facts and summarized or
figures that are otherwise
processed into manipulated for
information use in decision
making
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How Computers Work - Concept #2
Computers consist of hardware and
software.

 Hardware  Software
 All the machinery  All the instructions
and equipment in that tell the
a computer computer how to
system perform a task

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How Computers Work - Concept #2
Computers also consist of firmware and
liveware.

 Firmware  Liveware

l Instructions or  All the living things

programs that aiding computer to
reside inside work. Data entry
Integrated operators,
Circuits (ICs) programmers etc
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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same five basic
operations.
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage Keyboard

4. Output
Mouse
5. Communications

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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications
Case or system cabinet

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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output
Processor chip

5. Communications

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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output
Memory chips
5. Communication

s
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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Motherboard
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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input  Primary storage
(memory)
2. Processing  Computer circuitry
that temporarily
3. Storage holds data waiting
to be processed
4. Output (normally called
Buffers)
5. Communications  Secondary storage
(HDD)
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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
 BIT – 1 line that
1. Input can have either
+Voltage or 0
2. Processing Voltage.
 (+ can vary from device
to device like 5 volts for
3. Storage parallel port)
 Byte – 8 bits of
4. Output data
 Kilobyte – 210
5. Communications bytes of data =
1024 bytes
 Megabyte – 220 32
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing
Floppy disk
3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications
Zip disk

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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications Hard-disk drive

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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output Sound card

5. Communications
Sound Card

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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications
Speakers

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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications
Video card

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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications Monitor

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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications
Printer

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How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications
Modem

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Put all the hardware together and…

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You still need the software!

 System software
(Operating System)

 Helps the computer

perform essential
operating tasks and
enables the
application software
to run

 and… 43
You still need the software!

 Application software

 Enables you to
perform specific
tasks--solve
problems, perform
work, or entertain
yourself

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Ubiquitous Computing

 Context Aware Computing

 Your computer should adapt to your
requirements rather than you telling your
computer to adapt
 E.g If you enter Conference Room your
mobile phone (PDA) should go to silent
rather than you telling it to go silent.

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Network

 Communication system
connecting two or more computers.

 LAN: Local Area Network

 MAN: Metropolitan Area Network

 WAN: Wide Area Network

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Network
 LAN: Local Area Network connects, usually by
cable, a group of desktop PCs and other devices,
such as printers, in an office or a building. 
 MAN: Metropolitan Area Network A data network
intended to serve an area the size of a large city.
Such networks are being implemented by
innovative techniques, such as running optical
fiber through subway tunnels.
 WAN: Wide Area Network A communications
network that uses such devices as telephone
lines, satellite dishes, or radio waves to span a
larger geographic area than can be covered by a
LAN.
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Network

 LAN is maintained inside a building

or small campus

 MAN’s connect LAN’s together within

a city

 WAN’s connects MAN’s together
across the country.

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Internet
 Inter-network!
 Worldwide network
that connects up to
400,000 smaller
networks in more
than 200 countries.

 Read the history of

internet (Topic :
origins of internet)

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 1970’s: ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network), a US Defense department agency’s
started research on networks for defense purpose
 1975: ARPANET was built and transferred to Defense
Communication Agency. Restricted access
 1980 National Science Foundation started CSNet and
connected universities and research organizations, Built
a very fast connection called backbone in late 80’s
 1989: ARPANET became too expensive to handle and
was closed down and many of its sites got connected to
NSF Backbone and word INTERNET was born
 WWW was proposed and implemented by CERN in
1995
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World Wide Web

 Interconnected system of computers all

over the world that store information in
Multimedia form.

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Multimedia

 Technology that presents information in

more than one medium, such as text, still
images, moving images, and sound.

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Client Server Architecture

 A network architecture in which each

computer or processor on the network
is either a Client or a Server.

 Client/Server network = Server + Clients

linked together

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Server

A server, central computer, holds

collections of data and programs for
connecting PCs, workstations, and other
devices, which are called clients.

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Clients

Clients = PCs, workstations, & other devices

Clients are PC’s or Workstations on which

users run applications. Clients rely on
servers for resources, such as files, devices,
and even processing power. 

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Cluster Computing!

 Goto task manager of your computer or

press
Alt + Shift + Esc key together
 It is not a computer but consists of bunch
(set) of computers connected by some
communication medium. These computer
work together in parallel to perform high
performance tasks

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Grid Computing

 Cluster connected by internet

 NIIT’s major research emphases is on grid
computing.

 NIIT is working with CERN (Center for

Nuclear Research) in the domain of grid
computing

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