BY SYNDICATE NO 2

INTRODUCTION
 WHAT ARE SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS.

 MATERIALS WHICH REMEMBERS ITS SHAPE.

 COMMONLY KNOWN AS SMA.

 AFTER IT IS DEFORMED, IT REGAINS ITS

ORIGINAL GEOMETRY BY ITSELF DURING
HEATING (ONE-WAY EFFECT) OR, AT HIGHER
AMBIENT TEMPERATURES, SIMPLY DURING
UNLOADING (PSEUDO-ELASTICITY).

 RAPIDLY FINDING ITS PLACE IN MOST OF

THE INDUSTRIES.

 FURTHERANCE OF PHASE TRANSFORMATION

KNOWLEDGE.
 PHASES

 PH 1 : BRIEF ON SMA.

 PH 2 : THEORY BEHIND SMA.

 PH 3 : SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT & PSEUDO-

ELASTICITY.

 PH 4 : APPLICATIONS OF SMA.

 CONCLUSION.
 BRIEF ON SMA
 METALS THAT REMEMBER ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE.

 EXHIBIT TWO UNIQUE PROPERTIES :-

 PSEUDO-ELASTICITY.

 SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT.

 ARNE OLANDER FIRST OBSERVED THESE

UNUSUAL PROPERTIES IN 1938, BUT NOT UNTIL THE
1960'S WERE ANY SERIOUS RESEARCH ADVANCES
MADE IN THE FIELD OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS.
 BRIEF ON SMA
 DIVERSE APPLICATIONS MADE THEM
INCREASINGLY IMP & VISIBLE TO THE WORLD.
 NITINOL OR NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOY MOST IMP.
 NITINOL IS Ni-Ti NAVAL ORD LABARATORY.
 SHAPE MEMORY PROPERTY OF NITINOL WAS
DISCOVERED BY ACCIDENT.

 AT A LABORATORY MANAGEMENT MEETING, A

STRIP OF NITINOL WAS PRESENTED THAT WAS BENT OUT
OF SHAPE MANY TIMES. ONE OF THE PEOPLE PRESENT, DR.
DAVID S. MUZZEY, HEATED IT WITH HIS PIPE LIGHTER,
AND SURPRISINGLY, THE STRIP STRETCHED BACK TO
 THEORY BEHIND SMA
 HOW DOES SMA “REMEMBERS” ITS SHAPE WAS THE
QUESTION AFTER ITS DISCOVERY.

 THIS OCCURS DUE TO SOLID STATE PHASE CHANGE.

 TYPICALLY WHEN ONE THINKS OF A PHASE CHANGE A

SOLID TO LIQUID OR LIQUID TO GAS CHANGE IS THE
FIRST IDEA THAT COMES TO MIND. A SOLID STATE
PHASE CHANGE IS SIMILAR IN THAT A MOLECULAR
REARRANGEMENT IS OCCURRING, BUT THE
MOLECULES REMAIN CLOSELY PACKED SO THAT THE
SUBSTANCE REMAINS A SOLID.

 PHASES INVOLVED ARE AUSTENITE AND

 THEORY BEHIND SMA
 INVOLVES THE REARRANGEMENT OF THE POSITION
OF PARTICLES WITHIN THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
OF THE SOLID.

 TRANSITION TEMP OF THESE PHASES IS VERY LOW.

 THE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE VARIES FOR

DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONS FROM ABOUT -50 ° C TO 166 ° C.

 BELOW TRANSITION TEMP IS MARTENSITE AND

ABOVE IT IS AUSTENITE.

 IN THE MARTENSITE PHASE, NITINOL CAN BE BENT

INTO VARIOUS SHAPES.
 THEORY BEHIND SMA
 TO FIX THE "PARENT SHAPE" (AS IT IS CALLED), THE
METAL MUST BE HELD IN POSITION AND HEATED TO
ABOUT 500 ° C.

 THE HIGH TEMPERATURE CAUSES THE ATOMS TO

ARRANGE THEMSELVES INTO THE MOST COMPACT
AND REGULAR PATTERN POSSIBLE RESULTING IN A
RIGID CUBIC ARRANGEMENT KNOWN AS THE
AUSTENITE PHASE.

 ABOVE THE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE, NITINOL

REVERTS FROM THE MARTENSITE TO THE AUSTENITE
PHASE WHICH CHANGES IT BACK INTO ITS PARENT
SHAPE. THIS CYCLE CAN BE REPEATED MILLIONS OF
TIMES.
 SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT
 TRANSITION TEMP DEPENDS UPON THE
COMPOSITION OF THE ALLOY.

 THE TEMPERATURES AT WHICH EACH OF THESE

PHASES BEGIN AND FINISH FORMING ARE
REPRESENTED BY VARIABLES : MS, MF, AS, AF.

 MS & MF ARE START & FINISH TEMP OF AUSTENITE

TO MARTENSITE TRANSFORMATION.

 AS, AF ARE START & FINISH TEMP OF MARTENSITE

TO AUSTENITE TRANSFORMATION.

 WHEN THE ALLOY IS COOLED BELOW THE

TRANSITION TEMP IT TAKES THE TWINNED MARTENSITE
STRUCTURE.
 SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT
 HAS SAME SHAPE AND SIZE AS AUSTENITE SO NO

VISIBLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVED UNLESS ITS

DEFORMED/LOADED

 WHEN DEFORMED IT TAKES THE DESIRED SHAPE

 IF ALLOY HEATED ABOVE TRANSITION TEMP;

TAKES THE PREVIOUS SHAPE IN AUSTENITE

STRUCTURE
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT
 PSEUDO-ELASTICITY

 PSEUDO-ELASTICITY OCCURS IN SHAPE MEMORY

ALLOYS WHEN THE ALLOY IS COMPLETELY

COMPOSED OF AUSTENITE.

 UNLIKE THE SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT, PSEUDO-

ELASTICITY OCCURS WITHOUT A CHANGE IN

TEMPERATURE.
 PSEUDO-ELASTICITY
 THE LOAD ON THE SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY IS
INCREASED UNTIL THE AUSTENITE BECOMES
TRANSFORMED INTO MARTENSITE SIMPLY DUE TO
THE LOADING.

 THE LOADING IS ABSORBED BY THE SOFTER

MARTENSITE, BUT AS SOON AS THE LOADING IS
DECREASED THE MARTENSITE BEGINS TO TRANSFORM
BACK TO AUSTENITE SINCE THE TEMPERATURE OF
THE WIRE IS STILL ABOVE AF, AND THE WIRE SPRINGS
BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE.
 PSEUDO-ELASTICITY

Load Diagram of the pseudo-elastic effect Occurring

PSEUDO-ELASTICITY
 APPLICATIONS OF SMA
 AERONAUTICAL APPLICATIONS.

 AIRCRAFT MANEUVERABILITY DEPENDS

HEAVILY ON THE MOVEMENT OF FLAPS FOUND AT
THE REAR OR TRAILING EDGE OF THE WINGS.

 MOST AIRCRAFT IN THE AIR TODAY OPERATE

THESE FLAPS USING EXTENSIVE HYDRAULIC
SYSTEMS. THIS COMPLEX SYSTEM OF PUMPS
AND LINES IS OFTEN RELATIVELY DIFFICULT
AND COSTLY TO MAINTAIN.
 APPLICATIONS OF SMA
 AERONAUTICAL APPLICATIONS.

 THE SHAPE MEMORY WIRE IS USED TO

MANIPULATE A FLEXIBLE WING SURFACE.

 THE SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT IS INDUCED IN THE

WIRES SIMPLY BY HEATING THEM WITH AN

ELECTRIC CURRENT, WHICH IS EASILY

SUPPLIED THROUGH ELECTRICAL WIRING,

ELIMINATING THE NEED FOR LARGE HYDRAULIC

LINES.
 APPLICATIONS OF SMA

Typical Wing and Flap

Hinge less shape memory alloy Flap

 APPLICATIONS OF SMA
 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
 REPAIRING FRACTURES
 ORTHODONTIC TREATMENTS
 TWEEZERS
 MUSCLE WIRES IN ROBOTICS INDUSTRY
 FIRE SPRINKLERS
 FUTURE APPLICATIONS
 USE OF MECH ENERGY FROM SHAPE
TRANSFORMATION IN CAR ENGINES
 ENGINE COOLING
 LUBRICATION CONTROL
 CONTROL OF RADIATOR BLIND
 APPLICATIONS OF SMA

CONVENTIONAL BONE PLATE TYPICAL OSTEOSYNTHESIS

USED TO REPAIR JAW FRACTURE TOOLS
 APPLICATIONS OF SMA

EVEN A BADLY FRACTURED FACE CAN BE RECONSTRUCTED

USING BONE PLATES
APPLICATIONS OF SMA

USE OF SMA IN ROBOTICS INDUSTRY

APPLICATIONS OF SMA
 CONCLUSION

 USES & APPLICATION ENSURE BRIGHT FUTURE OF

THESE ALLOYS

 RESEARCH AT ROBOTICS & MAT SC DEPARTMENTS

ALL OVER THE WORLD

 INNOVATIVE IDEAS FOR USING SMA

 USE OF SMA IN VAST NO OF FIELDS ENSURES IT

PROMISING FUTURE.