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A Journey Trough Time and Space
A Journey Trough Time and Space
A Journey Trough Time and Space
• Eccentricity 0.01671123
• Diameter at Poles 12.714 km
• Satellites : Luna
• Percentage Surface Area that is Water 71%
Factors that affect Earth’s shape
Models used for representing Earth
Ellipsoidal Earth model
Ellipsoidal Earth models are required for
The flattening is the difference in length between
accurate range and bearing calculations over
the two axes expressed as a fraction or a decimal.
long distances.
Limitations:
It has no complete mathematical expression.
Small variations in surface shape over time introduces mall errors in
measurement.
The irregularity of the surface would necessitate a prohibitive amount of
computations.
Basic computational formula:
Gravitational field of Earth
Geopotential
Geopotential is the potential of the Earth's gravity field. For convenience it is often defined
as minus the potential energy per unit mass, so that the gravity vector is obtained as the
gradient of this potential, without the minus.
The global mean sea surface is close to one of the equipotential surfaces of the
geopotential of gravity.
For the purpose of satellite orbital mechanics, the geopotential is typically described by a
series expansion into spherical harmonics (spectral representation). In this context the
geopotential is taken as the potential of the gravitational field of the Earth, that is, leaving
out the centrifugal potential.
Geopotential Surfaces
Geopotential Surfaces
Geopotential surface (equipotential surface) Geopotential - The potential energy of a
unit mass relative to sea level, numerically
A surface of constant geopotential is a equal to the work that would be done in
surface along which a parcel of air could lifting the unit mass from sea level to the
move without undergoing any changes in its height at which the mass is located;
potential energy. commonly expressed in terms of dynamic
height or geopotential height.
Geopotential surfaces almost coincide with
surfaces of constant geometric height. The geopotential Φ at height z is given
Because of the poleward increase of the mathematically by the expression:
acceleration of gravity along a surface of
constant geometric height, a given
geopotential surface has a smaller geometric
height over the poles than over the equator.
where g is the acceleration of gravity, so that the two heights are numerically
interchangeable for most meteorological purposes. Also, one geopotential
meter is equal to 0.98 dynamic meter.
Atmosphere composition
Stratosphere - The stratosphere extends from the tropopause to about 51 km (32
mi; 170,000 ft). Temperature increases with height, which restricts turbulence and
mixing.
The stratopause, which is the boundary between the stratosphere and
mesosphere, typically is at 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 160,000 to 180,000 ft). The
pressure here is 1/1000 sea level.