BIONANOTECHNOLOGY

CH-320 (e)
Open Elective

Dr. Kalyan Sundar Ghosh

Dept. of Chemistry
 Course Plan
Lectur Topic
e No.
1 Introduction: Nanotechnology and Bionanotechnology – overview and
application
2 Significance of nanodomain, nanostructures and nanosystems, growth
potential of nanotechnology
3-6 Nanoparticles-Physical, Chemical and Biological Methods of nanoparticle
design
7-10 Imaging techniques in nanobiotechnology and applications
SEM, TEM, SPM, AFM, SNOM etc.
11-13 Use of Nanomaterials in imaging
Magnetic nanoparticles for MR imaging
Semiconductor quantum dots for molecular and cellular imaging
Ultrasound contrast agents
14-22 Nanobiotechnology for medical and biomedical applications
Conventional drug delivery, Nanosized carriers for drug delivery,
Nanomedicine, Targeted drug delivery by nanobio materials and their
applications, proteoliposomes nanoparticles as dug delivery vehicls for
vaccine adjuvants, gene and drug delivery systems with soluble inorganic
careers, nanotechnology for cancer therapy, bionano chips for cardiac
diagnostics, local cancer therapy using magnetic nanoparticles
23-25 Nanotubes and their biological applications
Carbon nanotubes and their application in cancer
Nanotube membranes for biotechnology
26-29 Nanostructures & Nanosystems- their applications
Silica based materials
Inorganic materials
Inorganic-organic hybrid materials
Application of nanobiomaterials for gene delivery
30-31 Biosensors- carbon nanotube and nanocrystalline silicon

32 Nanostructured materials for implant applications

33 Bionanotechnology in food and food industry

34 Opportunity and challenges in bionanotechnology

35 Bionanotechnology today and its future

Suggested Books:

Nanotechnology: Principles and Practices, by S. K. Kulkarni

Bionanotechnology: Global prospects, ed. by David E. Reisner

Biological and Biomedical Nanotechnology, ed. by A.P. Lee and L.J.

Lee

Nanostructural Biomaterials, ed. by J. Li

Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy, ed. by C. Kumar

Nanobiotechnology: Bioinspired devices and materials of the future,

ed. by Oded Shoseyov & Ilan Levy
Nanotechnology

“Nano” means 10-9 part of some unit scale

Deals with the natural and synthetic materials in the size range of ~
1 to 100 nm

In this size range, mechanical, thermal, optical, magnetic and other

properties change significantly than bulk materials
Nanomaterials are not really new!

Michael Faraday synthesized stable gold nanoparticles in 1857

Decorative glass windows in older days used nanoparticles of Fe,

Co, Ni, Au and Ag

Lack of powerful microscopes and correlation of size with

properties was not done

In 1959, Feynman said “There is plenty of room at the bottom”,

suggesting that reduced dimensionality of materials can create
really fascinating materials

Only in last few decades, tremendous scientific advancement in the

field of nanoscience
 Nano-Bio interface

Biosystems are governed by nanoscale processes and structures

Diameter of a protein like hemoglobin ~5 nm

Width of a DNA double helix ~ 2nm
Mitochondrion spans over few hundred nanometer

Living cells with its subcellular entities (nanomachines) can be

considered as ultimate nanoscale fabrication system. Therefore,
understanding of biological systems could be done by growing
nanotechnological research approaches and tools for subcellular
and molecular dimensions.

Nano + Biotechnology = Nanobiotechnology

Nanotechnology provides the platforms for the investigation and

transformation of biological systems; biology offers inspirational
models and bioassembled components to nanotechnology
Nanobiotechnology designs new classes of nanofabricated devices
and machines based on biostructured machines and uses
biomolecules and biosystems as building blocks and fabrication
machinery.

Application of nanobiotechnology could be two-ways:

(i)Incorporation of nanoscale machines in biological systems
(ii) Use of “biological tool-kit” to construct nano to micro-
structurres

Therefore we can define the field as “Engineering, construction

and manipulation of entities in the 1 to 100 nm range using
biological based approaches or for the benefit of biological
systems”.
 Major fields in Nanobiotechnology
Molecular motors and devices
Assembly of discrete number of molecular components designed to
perform mechanical movements as a consequence of external
stimulus

Self assembled structures (Nanoassemblies)

Spontaneous organization of individual elements in ordered
structures; use of proteins and peptides as building blocks

Biomedical application of Nanotechnology - Nanomedicine

Nanoscale devices and materials can interact directly with cells and
tissues at molecular level. Applications include diagonistics,
pharmaceuticals and implants
Biological Research at Nanoscale
Research tools at nanolevel and nanomanipulation techniques from
material world --- help for analyzing and visualizing properties at
single molecule level for better understanding of structure-function
relationship of biological systems.

Biomimetics, Biotemplating and De Novo-designed structures

With recent progress in nanoscale engineering and manipulation along
with developments in molecular and structural biology, biomimetic and
de novo designed structures can be made now.
Like use of inorganic surface-specific proteins for designing
controlled material assembly in vivo and in vitro.

DNA based nanotechnology and nanoelectronics

DNA as building block for bottom-up fabrication of novel structures
and devices. The force involved in Watson-Crick hybridization of
complementary nucleic acid strands is found to be efficient in
construction of nanodevices, nanomachines, DNA-based
nanoassemblies, DNA-protein conjugated structures and DNA-based
computation.
Color of Gold nanoparticles with different sizes

12
Fabrication Methods
Fabrication Methods…
Top down approach: by molding, carving, and fabricating of small
materials and components by using larger objects such as
mechanical tools and lasers, such as is used today in current
photolithographic approaches in silicon chip fabrication

The biggest problem with top down approach is the imperfection

of surface structure and significant crystallographic damage to
the processed patterns. These imperfections which in turn leads
to extra challenges in the device design and fabrication. But this
approach leads to the bulk production of nano material.

Bottom up approach: Building up of a material from the bottom by

combining smaller components like atom by atom, molecule by
molecule or cluster by cluster, which will be held together by
means of covalent or other intermolecular forces

Synthesis of colloidal dispersion of metal nanoparticles

All the living beings in nature also observe growth by this approach
only

When structures fall into a nanometer scale, there is a little chance

for top down approach. All the tools we have possessed are too big
to deal with such tiny subjects. Bottom up approach also promises a
better chance to obtain nanostructures with less defects, more
homogeneous chemical composition