Learning

Relatively permanent change in behavior

resulting from experience
 Classical and Operant Conditioning

They operate under the same principle – Learning

by Association
 Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

Learning on the basis of association

between two events, objects, people
 Applications of Classical
Conditioning
Movies

Advertising
 B F Skinner’s Operant
Conditioning

Modifying behavior through the use of

positive or negative consequences following
specific behaviors
 Difference between classical and
Operant Conditioning

Classical: Pairing of two events /

objects / people

Operant: Pairing behavior with

consequence
 Reinforcement and Punishment

Reinforcement: Encourages desirable

behavior
 Positive and Negative Reinforcement

Punishment: Discourages undesirable

behavior
 Shaping
An operant conditioning procedure in which
reinforcers guide behaviour towards closer
and closer approximations of the desired
behavior.
 Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous: Reinforcing the desired response every time it
occurs

Partial/Intermittent
 Fixed-Ratio (FR): reinforce behavior after a set number
of responses
 Variable-Ratio (VR): reinforce behavior after an
unpredictable number of responses
 Fixed-Interval (FI): reinforce after a fixed time period

 Variable-Interval (VI): reinforce after varying time periods

 Extinction
The attempt to weaken a behavior by attaching
no consequence to it.

E.g. tantrum of a child

 Social Learning Theory

Models are central to the social learning

viewpoint
Four processes determine the influence a
model will have:
 Attentional Processes
 Retention

 Motor Reproduction

 Reinforcement
 Albert Bandura’s Social Learning
Theory

We can learn through both observation and direct

experience

Learning increases self-efficacy

The higher your self-efficacy, the more confidence

you have in your ability to succeed
 Behavior Modification
Identify Critical Behaviours
Develop Baseline Data
Identify Behavioural Antecedents and
Consequences
Develop and Implement an Intervention
Strategy
Evaluate Performance Improvement