Lecture –III

Aggregates
STRUCTURE
III
CONTENT
 Aggregates introduction

 Classification of aggregates

 General characteristics of aggregates

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 INTENT
This lecture will help in understanding aggregate, its

property, various classification and general characteristics,

water-cement ratio, concept of bulking of sand.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 RECAP
 Initial setting time of cement is that time when the cement

paste begins to stiffen considerably and should not be less

than 30 minutes.
 Final setting time is that time when the cement has hardened
to the point at which it can sustain some load and should not
be more than 10 hours
 Soundness test is performed to determine the presence of
uncombined lime in cement.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 AGGREGATES

 Aggregates are defined as granular materials generally inert

(chemically inactive) which give mass to the concrete when

bound together by a MATRIX (cement paste).

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATE
 According to size-

1. Fine aggregate- Aggregates which passes 4.75 mm IS :

sieve.

2. Coarse aggregate- Aggregate which retained on 4.75

mm IS : Sieve.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 ACCORDING TO SHAPE
Classification Description Examples
Rounded Fully water-worn or completely shaped by River or seashore
attraction gravel; desert, seashore
& wind blown sand
Irregular Naturally irregular, or partly shaped by Other gravels
attrition and having rounded edges
Flaky Material of which the thickness is small Laminated rock
relative to the other two dimensions
Angular Possessing well-defined edges formed at the Crushed rocks of all
intersection of roughly planar faces types
Elongated Material, usually angular, in which the length is considerably larger than
the other two dimensions
Flaky and Material having the length considerably larger than the width, and the
elongated width considerably larger than the thickness

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
AGGREGATES
1. Composition

2. Porosity and absorption

3. Bulk density

4. Voids

5. Specific gravity

6. Resistance to crushing, impact and abrasion

7. Surface texture

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 COMPOSITION
 Some of aggregates may contain such constituents which react with

the alkalis in cement and cause excessive expansion, cracking and

deterioration of concrete.

 Hence, the aggregates which, on the basis of the service history or

laboratory experiments, are not suspected of reactive tendencies

should only be used.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 POROSITY AND ABSORPTION
Due to the presence of air bubbles, which remain in a rock during
formation or on account of the decomposition of certain minerals
by atmospheric effect, minute holes are formed in it, commonly
known as pores.

All aggregates have some percentage of minute pores through

which water can penetrate. On the basis of water absorption the
aggregate may be classified as-

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

Bone dry- it is the aggregate which is fully dry.

Air dry- it is the aggregate in which the pore moisture is partly

evaporated.

Saturated surface dry- it is the aggregate in which the pores

are fully saturated with water and surface is just dry.

Moist or wet- it is the aggregate in which the pores are fully

saturated with water and surface is wet.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The presence of natural pores in the particles of an aggregate give

rise to two types of specific gravity:

1. Apparent specific gravity- It is defined as the weight of the

oven dry aggregate by its absolute volume excluding the
natural pores in the aggregate particles.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

2. Bulk specific gravity- It is defined as the weight of the oven
dry aggregate divided by its absolute volume including the
natural pores in the aggregate particles.

Note: A low specific gravity may indicate high porosity and

therefore poor durability and low strength. The concrete density
will greatly depend on specific gravity.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

Bulk density- The weight of aggregate that would fill container

of unit volume is known as bulk density.

The bulk density of aggregate depends upon their packing, the

particles shape and size, the grading and the moisture content.

For coarse aggregate a higher bulk density is an indication of

fewer voids to be filled by sand and cement.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

Voids- With respect to a mass of aggregate, the term voids refers

to the space between the aggregate particles. Numerically this

voids space is the difference between the gross volume of

aggregate mass and the space occupied by the particles alone.

If the voids in the concrete are more the strength will be low.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 SURFACE TEXTURE
 The strength of bond between aggregate and cement paste

depends upon the surface texture.

 Bond is the development of mechanical anchorage and depends

upon the surface roughness and surface porosity of the

aggregate.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 An aggregate with rough surface will have a better bond than with

a smooth surface.

 Similarly an aggregate with smooth surface but having surface

pores will also bond well on account of the suction of paste into

these pores.

 Therefore, some aggregate which appear very smooth may bond

more strongly than one with rough surface texture.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 CONCLUSION
 Aggregates are defined as granular materials which give mass
to the concrete.
 All aggregates have some percentage of minute pores through
which water can penetrate.
 A low specific gravity may indicate high porosity and
therefore poor durability and low strength.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

 ASSIGNMENT

 What is the difference b/w elastic limit and

proportionality limit ?

 What do you understand by ultimate strength point and

strain hardening ?

 What is the characteristics strength of Mild steel and

TOR steel ?

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT