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Early To Middle Childhood: Physical Development
Early To Middle Childhood: Physical Development
CHILDHOOD
PHYSICAL GROUP 3
DEVELOPMENT Elly Stencey Marcus
Norraini Mokhtar
Afifah Mohd Nizan
Developmental
Changes
in the Body
Physical Growth
EARLY CHILDHOOD MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Slowed down a bit compared to infancy Less rapid than in earlier years.
Loss of babyish appearance Variations in growth patterns (may due to gender,
ethnic origin, genetics, hormones, nutrition,
environment, or disease).
Grow about 2 - 3 inches per year. Grow about 2 - 3 inches per year.
Gain about 4 - 6 pounds per year. Gain about 5 - 7 pounds per year.
Boys tend to become slightly taller and heavier. Lower portion of body grow fastest.
Have all 20 of primary teeth (around 3yo) and may Leaner and more athletic appearance. Muscles become
have 20/20 vision (around 4yo) flexible.
Torso has lengthened and body proportions become Baby teeth replace by permanent teeth.
more like those of adults (by the age 6)
These growth patterns are seen when children receive Experience a prepubescent growth spurt (earlier in
adequate nutrition girls) and result in changes in body shape.
Gross Motor Skills
EARLY CHILDHOOD MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Acquire through self-teaching and observation. Continue to refine.
Involve the large muscle used in locomotion. Become faster, stronger, and better coordinated.
Boys and girls are similar but boys show advantage Improved on flexibility, balance, agility and force.
in kicking and throwing, while girls better at balance
and precision.
Early crawlers tend to do better. Love to run, jump, leap, throw, catch, climb, and
balance.
Develop the ability to run, jump, and hop. Individual differences due to body build, family
encouragement/expectation and school/community
lesson available.
Develop better upper body mobility (around 3 – Boys play more physically active games.
4yo). Girls favor games that include expression.
Whole body coordination improves. Fearless may results in accident.
Fine Motor Skills
EARLY CHILDHOOD MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Hand-eye coordination improves.
Writing tend to be large at first, and legibility gradually
increases.
• Newborn to 12 months
• Toddlers
• Preschoolers
Newborn to 3 months.
– For newborns, sleep occurs around the clock and the sleep-wake cycle interacts
with the need to be fed, changed and nurtured.
– Newborns sleep a total of 10.5 to 18 hours a day on an irregular schedule with
periods of one to three hours spent awake.
– Babies sleep in cycles that last about 40 minutes. Each cycle is made up of active
sleep and quiet sleep.
– . Babies move around and grunt during active sleep, and sleep deeply during
quiet sleep.
Sleep patterns
3 month – 6 month
– At this age, babies need 15-16 hours of sleep every 24 hours.
– Babies might start moving towards a pattern of 2-3 daytime sleeps of up to two
hours each.
– And night-time sleeps get longer at this age. For example, babies might be
having long sleeps of six hours at night by the time they’re six months old.
Sleep patterns
6 months - 12 month
– Around this age, baby will probably need 14-15 hours sleep every 24 hours and
most baby have their longest sleeps at night.
– By eight months, most babies can settle themselves back to sleep without a
parent’s help. Others keep waking if they need help to settle back to sleep, or if
they’re still having breastfeeds or bottles during the night.
– At this age, most babies are still having 1-2 daytime naps. These naps usually
last 1-2 hours.
Sleep patterns
3 to 5 years (Pre-schoolers)
– Preschoolers typically sleep 11-13 hours each night and most do not nap after
five years of age.
– At this age, difficulty falling asleep and waking up during the night are
common.
– With further development of imagination, preschoolers commonly experience
nighttime fears and nightmares.
– sleepwalking and sleep terrors peak during preschool years.
Sleep patterns
– The brain grows faster then the rest of the body during early development
year.
– At age 2 years, brain is 75% of adult weight
– At 5 years, brain is 90% of adult weight.
– Body weight is only about 1/3 that of adult size.
– The increase in brain size is due to:
a) continuing myelination of nerve fibers
b) facilitating development of fine motor skills, balance and coordination.
Development of the brain
– The brain grow faster then the rest of body during the early development years.
– Visual skill are also facilitated by brain development,.
– Enables learning to read
– By ages 4- 7 most children experience increase in ability to focus on schoolwork.
Development of the brain
– How well a brain develops depends on many factors in addition to genes, such
as:
Proper nutrition starting in pregnancy
Exposure to toxins or infections
The child’s experiences with other people and the world
Overview
CHILDREN’S HEALTH
Nutrition ~ Eating Habits ~ Illness ~ Injuries
Healthful eating has many
benefits for children. It
can:
Nutrition and Stabilize their energy.
Improve their minds.
eating Even out their moods.
behavior Help them maintain a healthy
weight.
Help prevent mental health
conditions. These include depression,
anxiety, and ADHD.
Nutrition
• Caloric Needs
~ 4-6 year olds increase caloric needs to approx. 1,400 calories a day (opposed to
about 1,000-1,300 at 1-3 yrs)
~ During 2nd - 3rd years appetite becomes erratic.
• Taste Preferences
~ Early preference for sugar and salt increases with exposure.
* Many children eat too much sugar and salt.
* Parents serve as role models and should encourage eating healthy vegetables
and fruits.
~ Beginning with tiny amounts 8-10 times a week to familiarize tastes to child.
Age in Years 2-3 4-8 9-13
Health
Most children experience minor illnesses.
&
Illness -These are considered “normal” childhood illnesses.
-Usually last a few days or less; not life threatening.
-Ages 1-3 years: average 8-9 a year.
-By ages 4-6 years: average drops to 4-6 a year.
-Exposure can lead to creation of antibodies that help prevent the
illnesses in adulthood when they can be more serious.
Major Illness
Chronic Illnesses
- Arthritis; Diabetes; Cerebral Palsy; Cystic Fibrosis
- Approx. 1/3 or 20 million children under 18 years suffer from a chronic illness
Major Illnesses
Health - Rubella (German Measles); Tetanus; Mumps; Whooping Cough; Diphtheria; Polio;
Pneumonia; Tuberculosis
Illness - Lead poisoning found in paint and water pipes can cause neurological damage in early
childhood.
In Developing Nations
- 8-9 million children die from major illnesses.
- Air pollution causing respiratory infections: 1 death in 5 in children under 5 years
- Diarrhea kills nearly 2 million due to unsafe water, poor sanitation, and hygiene.
Injuries It should be possible to
But other major areas of
safety concern remain -
protect a child from an The mandated uses of
such as the all-too-
among accident and injury, such
as from common cuts,
car seats, safety belts,
bicycle helmets, tamper-
frequent drownings of
children in swimming
resistant closure
children burns, and accidental
poisoning. Considerable
systems, and the
establishment of national
pools, their accidental
swallowing of household
progress has been made and regional cleaning products, their
in the safety arena being burned by a hot
poison control centers
(such as in the rapid stove or heater, or being
are also examples of
recall of dangerous accidentally shot with a
advances in child safety.
toys). firearm. The list is
endless.
Cause more deaths in early childhood than the next 6 most frequent
causes combined
Accidents
Ratio by Sex:
* Boys most likely regardless of SES
– https://raisingchildren.net.au
– https://www.sleepfoundation.org/articles/children
– https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/early-brain