1.4.1.6.

1 PUMPS
QUESTIONS
 Question BOE
Section A
1. What are to be checked on component of centrifugal pump during overhauling?
2. What is central priming system?
3. Describe the advantages of mechanical seal over gland packing type.
4. Give reasons for Centrifugal pump vibrating.?
5. Write a repair list including FIVE defective items with respect to centrifugal
pump.
6. Explains the purpose of an air vessel fitted to the discharge side of the
reciprocating pump
7. What is the purpose of wear ring of a centrifugal pump? (2 marks)
8. With reference with the centrifugal pump: explain purpose e of lantern rings.
(2 marks)
 1) Checked on components of centrifugal pump
during overhauling
1. Cavitation can cause corrosion on the low pressure side of the impeller and blades.
2. Pump Shaft is to be examined for wear.
3. Gland Packings to be renewed if found hard and leaking.
4. Mechanical Seals should be checked during overhaul if there is wear down of two
rubbing surfaces reaching their limits. The mating surfaces must be clean
5. Clearances between the impeller and wear ring should be checked and wear ring
to be renewed if clearance is large.
6. Impeller to be checked for signs of wear and erosion on impeller boss and blade
tips.
7. Clogged particles in the pump eye and impeller blades should be cleared regularly.
8. Bearing play should also be checked when the pump is opened up and renew as
necessary.
 2) Central priming system

• The central priming system is air handling for a group of centrifugal

pumps. It is more economical and efficient than individual shaft
driven priming pumps for each centrifugal pump.
• The system usually has two priming pumps; one in use and the
other stand by. This pump is usually of the liquid-ring type operates
automatically to maintain a vacuum condition between pressure set
limits in the vacuum tank. The vacuum tank is further connected to
various centrifugal pumps in the engine room. It carries out air
extraction for all centrifugal pumps. The air suction is via a float
operated valve, which shuts when the system is primed, preventing
system water getting into the priming pump.
3) Advantages of mechanical seal over gland packing
type.
The advantages of mechanical seal over gland packing type are;
1. Zero or very little leakage of fluid from the pump casing.
2. Can support high pressure of the fluid.
3. No friction between the moving parts of the mechanical seal.
4. No extra power consumption by the pump.
5. No shaft wear on which the mechanical seal is mounted.
6. No shaft sleeve needed.
7. Less maintenance.
8. Available in wide variety of designs.
4) Centrifugal pump vibrating.
• Misalignment between pump and prime mover
• Foundation not sufficiently rigid
• Impeller partially clogged causing unbalance
• Mechanical defects as
1. Shaft bent
2. Rotating element binds
3. Worn bearings
4. Impeller eroded
5. Casing unbalance
 5) Repair list including FIVE defective
items with respect to centrifugal pump.
Five defective items of centrifugal pump.
1. Impeller, pump shaft and internal volute/casing can be inspected for
erosion, pitting and wear.
2. Check wear ring clearance using feeler gauges; to replace with new rings if
require
3. Check impeller shaft key and keyways for damage and undue wear, Unscrew
impeller shaft securing nut and check threads are in satisfactory condition.
4. Check mechanical seal stationary and rotary surfaces, spring tension and O-
ring condition.
5. Check flexible coupling bolts and rubber condition.
6) Purpose of an air vessel fitted to the discharge side
of the reciprocating pump
• Air vessel is fitted to reduce pulsating effect at discharge.
• Reciprocating pumps create pulses in the flow of the pumpage: the
fluid accelerates during the compression phase of the pump stroke
and decelerates during the suction phase.
• The resulting pressure pulses cause inefficiencies and can lead to
serious vibrations that can damage parts of the discharge system, so
reciprocating pumps often require pulsation dampeners
7) Purpose of wear ring of a centrifugal
pump
• The wear rings, by their close clearances, restrict
flow from the high pressure side to the low
pressure side.
• These rings suffer erosion, due to water leakage
but are easily and economically replaced in
comparison with the costly renewal of an eroded
casing or impeller

(2 marks)
8) Purpose of lantern rings.
• Lantern rings exist in pipe glands
and connected to discharge side
with a small pipe.
• The lantern ring is under pressure
and acts very effectively as a seal
and provides water for cooling and
lubrication of gland.

(2 marks)
 Question BOE
Section B
1.With the aids of sketch, explain following type of pumps
(a) Screw pump (8 marks )
(b) Reciprocating pump (8 marks )
2.With the aids of sketch, explain following type of pumps
(a) Gear pump. (8 marks )
(b) Centrifugal pump (8 marks )
3. (a) Sketch double acting reciprocating pump (6 marks )
(b) Explain above sketch. (6 marks )
(c) Explain why an air vessel fitted to the discharge. (4 marks )
4. (a)Sketch a mechanical seal which is used in a marine pump. (6 marks )
(b) Describe the function and enumerate its components. (10 marks )
5. (a) Draw a single line sketch of a vertical single entry centrifugal pump.(8 marks )
(b) Explain overhauling procedure of such pump. (8 marks )
1.a) Screw pump
 1.a) Screw pump
• Screw pumps are positive displacement pump and self-priming.
• It consists of two or 3 shaft having right and left hand screw.
• Ball or roller bearing carries the shaft.
• Timing gear is fitted at the other side.
• When pump rotate, fluid is drawn from suction, propel along the body
from each end to center, discharge through outlet
2.a) Gear pump
 2.a) Gear pump
• Gear pumps are positive displacement pump.
• It consists of two gears, one is driver and one is driven opposite direction.
• When pump rotates; chamber A expands and draws oil.
• Oil is trapped and drawn round in peripheral cavities of the gear.
• Oil is discharge from outlet. Teeth mesh at the center to preventing
returning from discharge to suction.
• A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the pump.
• A relief valve in the discharge line, with a return line back to the suction
line or supply tank provides increased safety.
2.b) Centrifugal pumps
 2.b) Centrifugal pumps
• Centrifugal pumps are used to transport liquids/fluids by the
conversion of the rotational kinetic energy to the hydro dynamics
energy of the liquid flow.
• The principle parts of a centrifugal pump are the impeller with its
shaft and the casing which surrounds it.
• A centrifugal pump thus consists of an impeller rotating inside a spiral
or volute casing. Liquid is admitted to the impeller in an axial
direction, through a central opening in its side called the 'eye'.
• It then flows radially outward and is discharged around the entire
circumference into a casing
3.a) (1.b Double acting reciprocating pump
 3.b)(1.b Double acting reciprocating pump

The sketch is double acting reciprocating pump.

• It consists of piston with piston rings, two suction valves and two
discharge valve.
• Each pair of the valve is at the either side of the piston
• When the piston is moved upward suction effect valve 1 close and valve
3 open and the other side valve 4 close and valve 2 open forcing out
liquid to discharge
• When the piston is move down valve 1 open valve 3 close forcing out
liquid to discharge and the other side suction effect valve 4 open and
valve 2 close.
 3.c) Purpose of an air vessel fitted to the discharge
side of the reciprocating pump
• Air vessel is fitted to reduce pulsating effect at discharge.
• Reciprocating pumps create pulses in the flow of the pumpage: the
fluid accelerates during the compression phase of the pump stroke
and decelerates during the suction phase.
• The resulting pressure pulses cause inefficiencies and can lead to
serious vibrations that can damage parts of the discharge system, so
reciprocating pumps often require pulsation dampeners
4.a) Mechanical seal which is used in a marine pump
4.b) Function of Mechanical seal

1. to prevent excessive fluid loss

from the pump
2. to prevent air from entering the
area where the pump suction
pressure is below atmospheric
pressure
 4.b) Enumerate Mechanical seal’s components

Mechanical seals consist of two basic parts, a rotating element attached

to the pump shaft and a stationary element attached to the pump
casing.
Rotating component
This is a ring, usually consisting of 2 types of materials-
a soft carbon piece with a highly polished axial surface.
a rubber material or o-ring , that is able to grip the shaft for sealing
against water leak through the shaft surface.
4.b) Enumerate Mechanical seal’s components (Cont’d; )
Stationary component
Stationary ring is usually made of stainless steel, although there are some made
of ceramic or similar hard materials.
Axial surface is also highly polished.
At the circumference of the stationary piece, a rubber o-ring will be installed to
seal against water leak through the pump housing.

Spring
Spring(s) is installed around the shaft and rotates with the rotating component.
Purpose is to press the rotating component of the mechanical seal against the
stationary component.
Matching surfaces are in contact with each other axially to the shaft
 
5.a) Vertical single entry centrifugal pump
 5.b) Overhauling procedure of centrifugal pump
pump
Removal of Pump for Inspection and Maintenance
1. Isolate pump electrical circuit breaker on main switch board and attach a
warning notice.
2. Switch off and locks pump supply at its local supply panel. Attach a warning
notice to pump local supply panel.
3. Close suction and discharge valves.
4. Open pump suction and discharge pipe drain valves to bilge and when water
stop to flow; crack open the pipes to ensure that pump has drained off and is
safe for opening.
5. Fix a shackle to lifting pad eye above pump and hang chain block; ensuring SWL
of block, slings and shackles are satisfactory.
6. Use a center-punch to match/mark coupling and casing, then removes the
coupling bolts.
 5.b) Overhauling procedure of centrifugal pump (contd;)

7. Disconnect motor supply cables; taping over bare ends with insulating
tape.
8. Connect shackle and sling to motor eyebolt and lift motor clear of pump
using overhead chain block.
9. Disconnect all external fittings from pump casing e.g. cooling pipe,
pressure gauge, oil reservoirs and air cock.
10. Remove bolting from top cover and remove cover. Scrape off old gasket
and check mating surfaces, and renew gasket on assembly.
11. The pump shaft with impeller can be lifted out of casing.
12. Dismantle the impeller, and remove the wear ring.
13. Remove the gland packing and disregard; replacing it on rebuild.
Remember to cut ends of packing at 45° and stagger joints when repacking
gland
 Questions
Section A
1. What is a pump?
2. Describe the uses of centrifugal pumps, positive displacement
pumps and gear pumps onboard a ship?
3. Explain the types of pumps are used on board.
4. Explain why and when priming (or) air extraction in necessary in
centrifugal pumps.
5. How to rectify of cavitation?
6. What are mechanical seals in centrifugal pumps? (2 marks)
7. Describe the advantages of central priming system.
 1) What is a pump?
• Pumps are used to move any substance which flows or which can be
made to flow. Pumping means that moving water, oil, air, steam, and
other common liquids and gases. However, such substances as
molten metal, sludge and mud are also fluid and can be moved with
pumps.
• Pumps are so widely used, for varied services. As a general rule, all
pumps are designed to move fluid substances from one point to
another by pulling, pushing or throwing or by some combination of
these three methods.
• A pump is a device that adds energy to the fluid to enable it to
move from one point to another.
2) Uses of centrifugal pumps, positive displacement
pumps and gear pumps onboard a ship
1. Centrifugal Pumps:
Seawater Cooling Pumps, Jacket Water Cooling Pumps,
Boiler Feed Pumps(Multi Stage Pumps)
2. Positive Displacement Pumps:
Bilge Pumps, Steering Gear Pumps, Cargo Shipping Pumps.
3. Gear type Pumps:
Fuel Oil Booster Pumps, Fuel Oil Transfer Pumps, Engine
Lub Oil Pumps.
3) Types of pumps are used on board.
Types of Pumps
• Positive Displacement Pump
1. Reciprocating pump
2. Rotary pump (gear, screw & vane)
3. Combination of rotary and reciprocating pump
• Dynamic Pressure Pumps
1. Centrifugal pump
2. Special effect pump (axial flow)
 
4) Priming (or) air extraction is necessary in
centrifugal pumps.
• Priming of Centrifugal pump is necessary
1. Centrifugal pumps are non-positive
displacement pump and it is not self priming.
2. Suction ability of centrifugal pump is relatively
small.
• Priming of centrifugal pump is needed when
1. Centrifugal pump whose suction head is
negative or
2. Suction lift is high
 5) Rectify of Cavitation
The pump should be run at design speed. To prevent suction
contains air using correct size of piping and any leakage in the suction
line is avoided. Avoid throttle of suction valve. The pump should be
overhaul regular interval.
1. Clean impeller and eye.
2. Check clearance impeller and wearing ring.
3. Check bearing play.
4. Check impeller, shaft gland packing.
6) Mechanical seals in centrifugal pumps
• Mechanical seals are devices to prevent the leakage of
the fluid from the centrifugal pump to the
environment.
• Mechanical seals help to seal the rotating parts of
shaft against the stationary part of the pump housing
that form the packing between rotor and stationary
part.

(2 marks)
7) Advantages of Central priming system
1. Lower first cost (sharing of priming
arrangement between a large numbers of
pumps).
2. Saving in power, since only one priming
pump is doing the job for all centrifugal
pumps.
3. Less maintenance as only one priming
pump is running.
 Questions
Section B
1.(a) Describe with an aid of sketch a centrifugal pump suitable for pumping
bilge. (10 marks)
(b) State the cause of centrifugal pump cavitations. (4 marks)
2. Write shorts notes for
(a) Reciprocating pump (4 marks)
(b) Gear pump (4 marks)
(c) Screw pump (4 marks)
(d) Centrifugal pump (4 marks)
1.a) Centrifugal Pump Suitable For Pumping Bilge.
 1.a) Centrifugal Pump Suitable For Pumping
Bilge.
• The centrifugal pumps are most suitable and efficient for handling large volumes
with medium to low head and low viscosity.
• The simple centrifugal pump is used for seawater circulation and other duties,
where self priming is not a requirement.
• When installed for bilge and ballast these pumps require with primers.
• A pump which is required to initiate suction from a liquid level below itself, must
be fitted with an air pump (vane pump).
• In the event of engine room flooding, require to pump out water in short period
of time.
• Is that so, emergency bilge suction is connected to main cooling water pump or
largest capacity of S.W pump, which is centrifugal pump.
 1.b) Cause of cavitation
• It can be occurred Low pressure side of the pump of
impeller and blades.
• The pump suction contains air due to
1. using incorrect size of piping,
2. throttle of suction valve
3. any leakage in the suction line.
• The pump is running faster than the designed speed.
• The pump is in long service live.
 2.a) Double acting reciprocating pump

• Double acting reciprocating pump consists of piston with piston rings,

two suction valves and two discharge valve.
• Each pair of the valve is at the either side of the piston
• When the piston is moved upward suction effect discharge valve close
and suction valve open and the other side suction valve close and
discharge valve open forcing out liquid to discharge
• When the piston is move down discharge valve open suction valve
close forcing out liquid to discharge and the other side suction effect
suction valve open and discharge valve close.
 2.b) Gear pump
• Gear pumps are positive displacement pump.
• It consists of two gears, one is driver and one is driven opposite direction.
• When pump rotates; chamber A expands and draws oil.
• Oil is trapped and drawn round in peripheral cavities of the gear.
• Oil is discharge from outlet. Teeth mesh at the center to preventing
returning from discharge to suction.
• A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the pump.
• A relief valve in the discharge line, with a return line back to the suction
line or supply tank provides increased safety.
 2.c) Screw pump
• Screw pumps are positive displacement pump and self-priming.
• It consists of two or 3 shaft having right and left hand screw.
• Ball or roller bearing carries the shaft.
• Timing gear is fitted at the other side.
• When pump rotate, fluid is drawn from suction, propel along the body
from each end to center, discharge through outlet
 2.d) Centrifugal pumps
• Centrifugal pumps are used to transport liquids/fluids by the
conversion of the rotational kinetic energy to the hydro dynamics
energy of the liquid flow.
• The principle parts of a centrifugal pump are the impeller with its
shaft and the casing which surrounds it.
• A centrifugal pump thus consists of an impeller rotating inside a spiral
or volute casing. Liquid is admitted to the impeller in an axial
direction, through a central opening in its side called the 'eye'.
• It then flows radially outward and is discharged around the entire
circumference into a casing