LABS 3-4: POWER FLOW

STUDIES

• In these sessions, you would perform

Steady State analysis of Power System
using Newton-Raphson Load Flow and
Fast Decoupled Load Flow.

• Use ref. books for detailed algorithms for

these studies.
• Newton-Raphson is an iterative method for
solving non-linear problems.
• It starts with an intial guess and then makes
use of the Taylor series expansion and the
approximation for the solution by the first
order gradient (derivative).
𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝑐
2
𝛻 𝑓 2
𝑓ሺ𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥ሻ = 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ+ ∇𝑓Δ𝑥 +
𝑘 𝑘 Δ𝑥 + ⋯ = 𝑐
2!

• Neglecting the higher order terms we get

Δ𝑥 = ∇𝑓 −1 [𝑐 − 𝑓ሺ𝑥 𝑘 ሻ]
• This being an iterative scheme;

• The process is repeated till convergence

criteria is met.
• Generally the first order gradient is called the
Jacobian.

• The convergence criteria is generally

– max(abs(delta x)) < a specified tolerance
– max(abs(mismatch)) < a specified tolerance
• In Power Flow context, we have P and Q
equations to be solved for Bus Voltage
and Angle (Polar co-ordinates).

𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖2 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙ሺ𝑌𝑖𝑖 ሻ+ ෍ 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 [cos൫𝛿𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 ൯𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙൫𝑌𝑗𝑖 ൯− sin൫𝛿𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 ൯𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔൫𝑌𝑗𝑖 ൯]

𝑗 ≠𝑖

𝑄𝑖 = −𝑉𝑖2 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔ሺ𝑌𝑖𝑖 ሻ+ ෍ 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 [sin൫𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑗 ൯𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙൫𝑌𝑗𝑖 ൯− cos൫𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑗 ൯𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔൫𝑌𝑗𝑖 ൯]

𝑗 ≠𝑖
• For Voltage dependent load,

• Similar is expression for Qdi.

• For Voltage dependent Q limits,
• The Voltage dependent Q limits are to be
handled on lines similar
– Normal Q limits when not violated.
– Voltage dependent load when violated.

• For the 7 bus system, perform one iteration

for NRLF. The one iteration in NRLF involves
computation of Jacobian and the updated
bus voltages and angles for that iteration.
• Compare the results with those with the
program executions.
Extra Studies:
• Check the effect of the following on convergence:
– PV bus Q limit violations,
– Load increase,
– line R/X ratio(series comp),
– Gen rescheduling (loads fixed),
– PV bus voltage changes,
– addition/removal of voltage control at a bus.
– Effect of change in slack bus position.
• Voltage dependent Q limits for IEEE 14 bus
system.