NAOE 3103

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Lecture 15
Two-Dimensional Isoparametric Elements
and Numerical Integration

Md. Habibur Rahman

Lecturer
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering (NAME)
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
Two-Dimensional Isoparametric Elements and Numerical Integration
Shape Functions

The
  shape functions on a master element is shown in Figure. The master element
is defined in the coordinates (or natural coordinates). Now the shape function can
be defined as-
N1  1 at node 1
... ... ... (i )
 0 at node 2, 3, and 4

2
Two-Dimensional Isoparametric Elements and Numerical Integration

Now
  the requirement that at nodes 2, 3, and 4 is equivalent to requiring that
along edges and . Thus has to be of the form-
N1  c  1     1    ... ... ... (ii )
1
 at node 1 where and . c
4
Thus 1
N1   1     1 
4
3
Two-Dimensional Isoparametric Elements and Numerical Integration
1
Similarly N1   1     1  
4
1
N2   1     1  
4 ... ... ... (iii )
1
N3   1     1   
4
1
N4   1     1  
4
The general expression for the shape functions is given by-
1
Ni 
4
 1   i   1   i 
The displacements inside the element can be written in terms of shape functions as-
u  N1q1  N 2 q3  N 3q5  N 4 q7
... ... ... (iv)
v  N1q2  N 2 q4  N 3q6  N 4 q8
This can be written in the matrix form as-
 
u  Nq
where
  N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0
N  ... ... ... (v)
0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4 

4
Two-Dimensional Isoparametric Elements and Numerical Integration
For a master element, the coordinates (x, y) can be written in terms of nodal
coordinates in terms of shape functions such that-
x  N1 x1  N 2 x2  N 3 x3  N 4 x4
... ... ... (vi)
y  N1 y1  N 2 y2  N 3 y3  N 4 y4
It represent x-y coordinates in terms of -η coordinates (natural coordinates).
Now, u   x   ,  , y   ,  
... ... ... (vii )
v   x   ,  , y   ,  
Using chain rule- u u x u y
 .  .
 x  y 
... ... ... (viii )
u u x u y
 .  .
 x  y 
Equation (viii) can be written in Here
  (2×2) square matrix is denoted
the matrix form as- as the Jacobian of the
 u   x y   u  Transformation, .
        x   u   x y 
 u 
     ... ... ... (ix)
     x    
 u   x y   u   
        J  u  ... ... ... ( x) J    ... ... ... ( xi)
   y   u     x y 
    y     
 5
Two-Dimensional Isoparametric Elements and Numerical Integration
But, x  N1 x1  N 2 x2  N 3 x3  N 4 x4
y  N1 y1  N 2 y2  N 3 y3  N 4 y4
Thus,
1 1 1 1
x  1     1    x1   1     1    x2   1     1    x3   1     1    x4
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
y   1     1    y1   1     1    y2   1     1    y3   1     1    y4
4 4 4 4

x
 1    x1   1    x2   1    x3   1    x4 
1 1 1 1

 4 4 4 4

x 1 1 1 1 
   1    x1   1    x2   1    x3   1    x4 
 4 4 4 4 
 ... ... ... ( xii )
y 1 1 1 1
   1    y1   1    y2   1    y3   1    y4 
 4 4 4 4 

y 1 1 1 1
   1    y1   1    y2   1    y3   1    y4 
 4 4 4 4 
Hence,
 1   1    x1   1    x2   1    x3   1    x4   1    y1   1    y2   1    y3   1    y4 
J  
4    1    x1   1    x2   1    x3   1    x4   1    y1   1    y2   1    y3   1    y4 
6
Two-Dimensional Isoparametric Elements and Numerical Integration
  J11 J12 
J 
 J 21 J 22 
Now,  u 
 u 
 x  1   
 u   J  
   u 
 y    
 where is the inverse of the Jacobian .
 1 1  J 22  J12 
J    J 
det J  21 J11 
 u   u 
 x  1  J 22  J 12    
      ... ... ... ( xiii )

  det J   J 21
u J 11   u 
 y    

These expressions will be used in the derivation of the element stiffness matrix with
the relation- 
dA  dxdy  det Jd d ... ... ... ( xiv)