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LAND SURVEYS, SITE

LOCATION AND MAP


READING
Speaker : Engr. Merlito Castor Catolico
PRC Accredited Speaker No. 071
Real Estate Broker/Appraiser /Consultant

(4 hours)
WHAT IS GEODETIC
ENGINEERING ?

 GEODETIC ENGINEERING LAW (RA 8560)


AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF GEODETINC
ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES

 The practice of Geodetic Engineering is a


professional and organized act of gathering
physical data on the surface of the earth with
the use of precision instruments.
PRACTICE OF SURVEYING
RELEVANT TO REAL ESTATE
BROKERAGE
 DETERMINE METES AND BOUNDS
 is a system or method of describing land, real property
(in contrast to personal property) or real estate
 Metes = boundary defined by distances and direction
 Bounds = more general boundary description

 SUBDIVISION / CONSOLIDATION SURVEYS


 SKETCH PLAN
 PARCELLARY SURVEYS
Source :
http://www.mooresbay.co.nz/subdivision_plan
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR
BROKERS TO KNOW BASIC LAND
SURVEYING ?
 Real Estate Brokers need to know basic surveying
 Three elements of space in surveying
 Cardinal direction in surveying

 How Real Property described


 What are the different kinds of land survey
 Read maps?
 Map symbols
 Scale
 Topographic maps
 Important informations in a map?
DEFINITION OF SURVEYING
TERMS
 WHAT IS LAND SURVEY?
 MAP?
 SITE?
 LOCATION?
 METES AND BOUNDS ?
 SUBDIVISION / CONSOLIDATION SURVEYS
?
 SKETCH PLAN ?
 PARCELLARY SURVEYS ?
COMMON SURVEYING TERMS
FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
 Cadastral Survey = creates or re-establishes,
marks, and defines boundaries of tracts of lands.

 Hectare = 10,000 square meters

 Kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters

 Meridian (or line of longitude) = true north and


south line extending from an initial point in both
direction
COMMON SURVEYING TERMS
FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
 True Meridian = Line or plane passing through geographical
north pole and geographical south pole
 Ante meridiem ? (from Latin Meridies or mid-day)
 Post meridiem ?

 Magnetic Meridians = is an imaginary line connecting the


magnetic south and north poles and can be taken as the magnetic
force lines along the surface of the earth.
 Magnetic Declination = angle between the magnetic and the true
meridian
 Metes and Bounds = A common method of land description that
identifies a property by specifying the shape and boundary
dimensions of the parcel, using terminal points and angles.
COMMON SURVEYING TERMS
FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
 Original Survey = cadastral survey which creates land boundaries and
marks them for the first time

 Plat = A surveyed map of a town, section, or subdivision indicating the


exact locations and boundaries of individual properties, streets,
easements, and public recreation areas.

 Setback = Zoning restrictions on the amount of bare land required


surrounding improvements; the amount of space required between the
lot line and the building line

 Subdivision = Land that has been divided by the owner (subdivider)


into individual parcels or lots which have been grouped into blocks.
These lots, together with streets, alleys, parks, schools, planned
commercial areas, and public utility easements, are recorded on a plat
COMMON SURVEYING TERMS
FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
 Survey = The process by which boundaries are measured and the locations or forms
of land areas are determined

 Easement = areas of land owned by the property owner, but in which other parties,
such as utility companies, may have limited rights granted for a specific purpose.

 Right-of-way = a parcel of land granted by deed or easement for construction and


maintenance according to a designated use. This may include highways, streets,
canals, ditches, or other uses

 Latitude = A measure of relative position north or south on the Earth's surface,


measured in degrees from the equator, which has a latitude of 0°, with the poles
having a latitude of 90° north and south

 Longitude = is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a


point on the Earth's surface
COMMON SURVEYING TERMS
FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
 Prime Meridian = the longitude that passes through the Royal
Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the position of zero
degrees longitude.
 Mean Sea Level = is a measure of the average height of the ocean's
surface (such as the halfway point between the mean high tide and
the mean low tide)
 Datum = is a reference from which measurements are made
 Contour Lines = a line on a map joining points of equal height
above or below sea level
 Topographic Map = is a type of map characterized by large-scale
detail and quantitative representation of relief
Sample Contour Lines
How to Determine Elevation Using
Topographic Map
 Find the location of the point in the map
 Look for the Index Contour
 Find the elevation
 Determine the direction of the slope
 Count the contour intervals
 Interpolate

http://raider.mountunion.edu/~mcnaugma/
topographic%20maps/contour.htm
COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR
REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
 Bearings = Bearings are used to indicate angular
orientation with respect to the earth
 Benchmark = A survey mark made on a monument
having a known location and elevation, serving as a
reference point for surveying.
 Tie Line = A survey line that connects a point to other
surveyed lines
 Property Line = describes the legal boundary of a parcel
of land
 BLLM = Bureau of Lands Location Monument
COMMON SURVEYING TERMS
FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
 TCT = Transfer Certificate of Title
 OCT = Original Certificate of Title
 Free-Patent = is a legitimate proof of ownership of public
land in the Philippines granted by the Philippine
government. It is an agreement between the government
and the grantee, that he or she is charged of developing the
land within a specified period of time.
 Consolidation and Subdivision Survey = land survey of
more than two contiguous lots merging to form a single lot,
and a single lot subdivided into two or more lots,
respectively.
COMMON SURVEYING TERMS
FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
 CAD = Cadastral Survey
 Csd = subdivision survey of Cadastral Lot
 Psd = subdivision survey of a titled properties. All Psd surveys are
conducted by a Private Geodetic Engineer
 Bsd - Is a subdivision survey on government titled properties
conducted by a Government Geodetic Engineer. If a private titled land
is being surveyed by a Government Geodetic Engineer thru court
order, the resulting survey is a Bsd.
 Psu - is a survey on original land (not yet surveyed) by a private
Geodetic Engineer. This kind of survey will be used by titling thru
judicial proceedings (means thru court order).
 FP - Free Patent survey by a Private Geodetic Engineer
COMMON SURVEYING TERMS
FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
 Triangulation = a series of connected triangles which
adjoin or overlap each other, with angles being measured
from determined fixed stations
 Trilateration = uses electronic distance measuring
equiAMent to directly measure the lengths of the sides of
triangles from which the angles can be calculated
 Traverse = consists of a series of lines, whose lengths and
directions are measured, connecting points whose
positions are to be determined
 open traverse begins at a point of known position and ends at a station
whose relative position is unknown.
 closed traverse begins and ends at the same point whose position is known
COMMON SURVEYING TERMS
FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
 Leveling is the operation of determining differences of
elevation by measuring vertical distances directly on a
graduated rod with the use of a leveling instrument
such as a dumpy level, transit or Theodolites. This
method is called Direct Leveling or Differential
leveling
 Indirect leveling can be done using the principle that
differences in elevation are proportional to the
differences in atmospheric pressure
 Radiation is a surveying technique often used in
conjunction with a plane table
Total Station
Traditional Transit
LAND SURVEYS
FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS
Land Surveying
 is the science and art of making all essential measurements
to determine the relative position of points or physical and
cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the
Earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to establish
the position of points, or details.

Surveying Uses :
 Mathematics
 Geometry
 Trigonometry
 Physics
 Engineering
 Law
TWO TYPES OF SURVEY
 Plane surveying = considers the
earth to be a flat surface-- a
plane
 Geodetic surveying = takes into
account the true shape of the
earth.
TYPES OF SURVEYING
ACCORDING TO USE
Detailed Engineering:
These are carried for engineering feasibility studies, ground
terrain analysis, design planning and during actual
construction phase.

 Topographic Survey
 Contour Mapping
 Hydrographic Survey
 Construction Layout
 Highway & Bridge Design Survey
 As-built Construction Survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
ACCORDING TO USE
Ground Control Establishment :
These are carried in surveys that require a high degree of accuracy
with regards to both relative and absolute geodetic position.

 GPS Geodetic Control Survey


 Vertical Control Leveling
TYPES OF SURVEYING
ACCORDING TO USE
Property Boundary :
These surveys are carried primarily to determine and
establish the legal boundary of real properties.

 Cadastral Survey
 Parcellary Survey
 Subdivision Consolidation Survey
 Boundary Relocation Survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
ACCORDING TO USE
Route Alignment :
These services are required during the design &
actual construction of road alignment and
river embankment structures to determine the
condition of the existing terrain.
 Road Alignment
 Profile Cross-Section Survey
 River Survey
THREE ELEMENTS OF
SPACE IN SURVEYING
 DISTANCE = the extent or amount of space
between two things, points, lines, etc.
 DIRECTION = a position on a line extending
from a specific point toward a point of the
compass or toward the nadir or the zenith
 ELEVATION = height above a fixed reference
point
FOUR CARDINAL
POINTS IN SURVEYING

• NORTH
• SOUTH
• EAST
• WEST
ROUGH DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

PACING
 Distance = Pace factor × Number of Paces
Determine your Pace Factor
Homework:

A Real Estate Broker walked along a given straight line


in a horizontal ground that was known to be 60 m
long, in order to determine her average unit pace.
She paced the line five times, recording 78, 76.5, 77,
87, and 76 paces, respectively.
a. Determine her average unit pace, or Pace Factor (PF).

b. If the said broker then counted an average of 123.5 paces


while pacing off the line of unknown distance, what is the
distance? Remarks:
Pace Factor (PF) = Distance ÷ Average Paces
Other Ways to Measure Distances
 Taping EquiAMents
 clisimeter
 Transit, or Level; and stadia
 Total Station
 EDM
THE MEASURING WHEEL
A simple measuring wheel mounted on a
rod can be used to determine distances, by
pushing the rod and rolling the wheel
along the line to be measured.

An attached device called an odometer


serves to count the number of turns of the
wheels
From the known circumference of the
wheel and the number of revolutions,
distances for reconnaissance can be
determined with relative accuracy of about
1:200.
15 MINUTES BREAK
WHAT IS A COMPASS ?
 WHAT IS A COMPASS?
 is a navigational instrument that measures directions in a frame
of reference that is stationary relative to the surface of the earth
 The frame of reference defines the four cardinal directions (or
points) – north, south, east, and west.
 Intermediate directions are also defined.
 a diagram called a compass rose, which shows the directions
(with their names usually abbreviated to initials), is marked on
the compass.
An iPhone can be
used as a geological
compass because of
the 3-axis teslameter
and 3-axis
accelerometer inside it
WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO KNOW HOW TO
USE A COMPASS
It is used for you to find north. The arrow that stays
in a direction points north .

Can used for orienting a map

Can be use to find direction

Can be use to find location

 What is a compass survey?


(BONUS PRESENTATION FOR
YOUR INFO – STUDY LATER )
ORIENTING A MAP
Orienting, or aligning, the map
is really easy with just 3 steps:

• Lay your map out on a


relatively flat, smooth surface.

• Turn your declination-adjusted


compass dial so due North is at
the index pointer.

• Place your compass on your


map with the edge of the base
plate parallel to the north-south
meridians on the map.

• Turn the map and compass


together until the compass
needle is "boxed" in the
orienting arrow
HOW TO FIND TRUE NORTH
WITHOUT A COMPASS
The Shadow-Tip Method

1. Place a stick upright in the ground so that you can see its shadow. Alternatively, you can use the shadow of a
fixed object. Nearly any object will work, but the taller the object is, the easier it will be to see the movement of its
shadow, and the narrower the tip of the object is, the more accurate the reading will be. Make sure the shadow is
cast on a level, brush-free spot.

2. Mark the tip of the shadow with a small object, such as a pebble, or a distinct scratch in the ground. Try to
make the mark as small as possible so as to pinpoint the shadow's tip, but make sure you can identify the mark
later.

3. Wait 10-15 minutes. The shadow tip will move mostly from west to east in a curved line.

4. Mark the new position of the shadow's tip with another small object or scratch. It will likely move only a short
distance.

5. Draw a straight line in the ground between the two marks. This is an approximate east-west line.

6. Stand with the first mark (west) on your left, and the other (east) on your right. You are now facing mostly
toward true north, regardless of where you are in the world.

This method is based on the fact that the sun moves across the sky from East to West.
What is Latitude and Longitude

Lines of Latitude
Example: Equator = “0 °”
latitude

Lines of Longitude
- Also called “meredian”
- “0 ° “ Longitude passes at Greenwich, England
(by convention)
Why Orient a Map?
 If you know where you are on the map, you should be
able to look in any direction and see the objects
represented on the map in the same direction.
 If you can see a known mountain in one direction and a
lake off another way, then just lay the map out, and
turn it so the corresponding marks on the map align
with the distant features.
 You can verify the location of your subject
property – on the ground
SITE LOCATION
USING A RULER FIND THE FASTEST
WAY TO MEASURE THE HEIGHT OF
THE 7 STOREY BUILDING?
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 LAND = the Earth's surface extending downward to the center of the Earth
and upward to infinity, including permanently attached natural objects.
 SITE = a parcel of land which improved to the extent that it is ready for use
for the purpose of which it is intended
 LOT = is a tract or parcel of land owned or meant to be owned by some
owner(s), with documented defined boundaries (or borders)
 LOCATION = an economic characteristic of real estate composed of
immobility, constant change, dependence, and elements of special
distribution
 REAL ESTATE includes everything in the definition of Land, plus all
things permanently attached to it naturally or artificially.
 REAL PROPERTY includes Real Estate plus the interests, benefits and
rights automatically included with the ownership of the Real Estate -
Possession, Control, Enjoyment, Exclusion, and Disposition.
IMPORTANT DATA NEEDED FOR
SITE LOCATION
 Direction (Using internet, example: Google
earth)
 Lot Plan / Vicinity Map / Location Map
 Means of Transportation
 Access Roads/Routes
 Reference Point (adjacent properties / land
marks) and Specific Distances, or Time Frame
 Land Use
 Contact persons
SOURCES OF DATA FOR SITE
LOCATION
 Survey Maps
 Vicinity or Location Map
 Tax map
 Land Title
 Sketch Plan
 Owner
 Owner’s Agent
 Internet (ie… Google Map)
 Barangay/ Purok Officials
 Neighbors
HOW TO IDENTIFY PROPERTY
IN A SITE LOCATION

 Technical Approach
 By relocation Survey
 Layman’s Approach
 Direction of a
knowledgeable person
 Semi-Skilled Approach
 Sketching/Plotting with the use of:
 Compass and Tape
 Angular estimate and Pacing
 Use of a GPS
HOW REAL PROPERTY IS
DESCRIBED
 Metes and Bound method = a "bounded by" description
 Uses = appears in instruments such as sale contracts, deeds and other
agreements relating to the property
 Boundaries = uses physical features and geographical references to identify
and describe the property's dimensions.
 Importance = legal description is also helpful in identifying property
boundaries when making alterations or improvements, so a proper description
is essential in preventing or deciding boundary disputes between neighboring
property owners.
 Lot and Block System = With a subdivision plat or map, the plat or map is
divided into smaller blocks, with individual lots demarcated within the blocks.
PROPERTY DESCRIPTION IN THE TITLE
MAP READING
MAP SYMBOLS
MAP SCALE
Map Scale = indicates the relationship between a certain
distance on the map and the distance on the ground. Often
located in the “legend box”
Types of Scales:
1. Ratio or Representative Fraction (RF)
 Example: 1/100,000 or 1:100,000

2. Word statement
 "One centimeter equals ten kilometers.“

3. Graphic Scale
Map of the Philippines
LATITUDE

LONGITUDE
IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS
IN A MAP?
1. Legend, or Key = will show the user what different symbols mean
2. Orientation / Direction = a north arrow (pointing in the correct direction) for user to
determine direction
3. Scale = See previous explanation
4. Neatline = the border of a map, to define the edge of the map area
5. Title = provides important clues about the cartographer's intentions and goals
6. Color / Color Scheme = used on maps to signify a relationship to the object or feature
on the ground
7. Latitude and Longitude/ Projection = See previous presentation
8. Cartographer = The authority behind the composition of the map
9. Date of Production = needed for the user to determine the meaning and value of
some maps since such as those relating to current affairs or weather are time sensitive.
10. Locator Maps = a "helper" or locator map that places the body of the map within a
larger geographical context
11. Inset Maps = additional close-up, "zoomed-in" maps of these small areas
12. Index Maps = labels and other information
THANK YOU AND GOOD
LUCK !
For your Real Estate Brokerage.
Appraisal, and
Consultancy Needs
Contact: Engr. Merlito Castor Catolico
0917 716 5538

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