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Types of Measurements - 37
Types of Measurements - 37
Types of Measurements - 37
MEASUREMENT THEORY
FUNDAMENTALS
361-1-3151
Eugene Paperno
/http://www.ee.bgu.ac.il/~paperno
GRADING POLICY
20% participation in lectures
30% home exercises
50% presentation
MEASUREMENT THEORY FUNDAMENTALS. Grading policy 4
HOMEWORK
Build in LabView the following virtual instruments (VI):
1. Lock-in amplifier SR830
www.thinksrs.com/mult/SR810830m.htm
2. Spectrum analyzer SR785
http://www.thinksrs.com/mult/SR785m.htm
MEASUREMENT THEORY FUNDAMENTALS
Krantz, D. H., Luce, R. D., Suppes, P., and Tversky, A. (1971). Foundations of
measurement. (Vol. I: Additive and polynomial representations.). New York: Academic
Press.
Suppes, P., Krantz, D. H., Luce, R. D., and Tversky, A. (1989). Foundations of
measurement. (Vol. II: Geometrical, threshold, and probabilistic representations). New
York: Academic Press.
Luce, R. D., Krantz, D. H., Suppes, P., and Tversky, A. (1990). Foundations of
measurement. (Vol. III: Representation, axiomatization, and invariance). New York:
Academic Press.
Stevens, S. S. (1968), Measurement, statistics, and the schemapiric view. Science, 161,
849-856.
Reference: http://www.measurementdevices.com/mtheory.html
MEASUREMENT THEORY FUNDAMENTALS. Contents 7
CONTENTS
1. Basic principles of measurements
1.1. Definition of measurement
1.2. Definition of instrumentation
1.3. Why measuring?
1.4. Types of measurements
1.5. Scaling of measurement results
2. Measurement of physical quantities
2.1. Acquisition of information
2.2. Units, systems of units, standards
2.2.1. Units
2.2.1. Systems of units
2.2.1. Standards
2.3. Primary standards
2.3.1. Primary voltage standards
2.3.2. Primary current standards
2.3.3. Primary resistance standards
2.3.4. Primary capacitance standards
MEASUREMENT THEORY FUNDAMENTALS. Contents 8
5. Sources of errors
5.1. Influencing the measurement object: matching
5.4.1. Anenergetic matching
5.4.2. Energic matching
5.4.3. Non-reflective matching
5.4.4. When to match and when not?
5.2. Noise types
5.2.1. Thermal noise
5.2.2. Shot noise
5.2.3. 1/f noise
5.3. Noise characteristics
5.3.1. Signal-to-noise ratio, SNR
5.3.2. Noise factor, F, and noise figure, NF
5.3.3. Calculating SNR and input noise voltage from NF
5.3.4. Two source noise model
5.4. Low-noise design: noise matching
5.4.1. Maximization of SNR
5.4.2. Noise in diodes
5.4.3. Noise in bipolar transistors
5.4.4. Noise in FETs
5.4.5. Noise in differential and feedback amplifiers
5.4.6. Noise measurements
MEASUREMENT THEORY FUNDAMENTALS. Contents 10
Reference: [1]
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.1. Definition of measurement .1 13
Reference: [1]
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.1. Definition of measurement .1 14
Transformation
,States ,Abstract
si phenomena well-defined ii
symbols
Source set S Image set I
B= f (R, V )
Measurement model
R
V
Instrumentation
מרחב אמפירי מרחב אבסטרקטי
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.2. Definition of instrumentation .1 16
Reference: [1]
?BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.3. Why measuring .1 17
Reference: [1]
?BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.3. Why measuring .1 18
Reference: [1]
?BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.3. Why measuring .1 19
SCIENCE
Measurement Applied Pure
)processing, interpretation(
measurement results
Control/change
Equal/unequal intervals:
ABCD,ABCDABCD.
Reference: [1]
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.4. Types of measurements .1 21
Transformation
,States ,Abstract
si phenomena well-defined ii
symbols
Source set S Image set I
Transformation
,States ,Abstract
si phenomena well-defined iii i
symbols
Source set S
Image set I
1. Nominal scale
Examples:
numbering of
1 1
football
players,
detection
and alarm 0 0
systems,
etc.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.5. Scaling of measurement results .1 26
1. Nominal scale
Examples:
numbering of
1
1
football
players,
detection or
alarm
0
0
systems,
etc.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.5. Scaling of measurement results .1 27
1. Nominal scale
Examples:
numbering of
1
1
football
players,
detection or
alarm 1 1
systems,
etc.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.5. Scaling of measurement results .1 28
1. Nominal scale
Examples:
numbering of
2
1 2
1
football
players,
detection or
alarm 2
1 2
1
systems,
etc.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.5. Scaling of measurement results .1 29
1. Nominal scale
Examples:
numbering of
2
1 2
1
football
players, The structure is lost!
detection or
alarm 2
1 2
1
systems,
etc.
2. Ordinal scale
A 2 A 1
1 2
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.5. Scaling of measurement results .1 31
2. Ordinal scale
A 4
2 A 1
1 4
2
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 1.5. Scaling of measurement results .1 32
2. Ordinal scale
Interval scale
Interval scale
4. Ratio scale
4. Ratio scale
5. Absolute scale