A.S.

Alur
SDE (L)
RTTC Mysore

07/30/20 1
What is Access Network?
What extent it accounts in a Telephone
N/W?
What is the necessity of new Access
Technologies?

07/30/20 2
Multi Access Radio Relay
Wireless In Local Loop
Fibre In the Local Loop

07/30/20 3
 WLL is generally used as “the last mile solution”
to deliver basic phone service expeditiously
where none has existed before.
 Flexibility and expediency are becoming the key
driving factors behind the deployment of WILL.
 WLL shall facilitate cordless telephony for
residential as well as commercial complexes
where people are highly mobile.
 It is also used in remote areas where it is
uneconomical to lay cables and for rapid
development of telephone services.
07/30/20 4
The technology employed shall
depend upon various radio access
techniques, like FDMA, TDMA and
CDMA.
Different technologies have been
developed by the different countries
◦ CT2 from France
◦ PHS from Japan
◦ DECT from Europe
◦ DAMPS & CDMA from USA.

07/30/20 5
Originally Spread spectrum radio
technology was developed for military use
to counter the interference by hostile
jamming.
The broad spectrum of the transmitted
signal gives rise to “ Spread Spectrum”.
A Spread Spectrum signal is generated by
modulating the radio frequency (RF) signal
with a code consisting of different pseudo
random binary sequences, which is
inherently resistant to noisy signal
environment.

07/30/20 6
07/30/20 7
 A number of Spread spectrum RF signals thus
generated share the same frequency spectrum.
 Thus the entire bandwidth available in the band is
used by each of the users using same frequency at
the same time.
 On the receive side only the signal energy with the
selected binary sequence code is accepted and
original information content (data) is recovered.

07/30/20 8
The other users signals, whose codes do
not match contribute only to the noise and
are not “despread” back in bandwidth
This transmission and reception of signals
differentiated by “codes” using the same
frequency simultaneously by a number of
users is known as Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA)
Technique as opposed to conventional
method of Frequency Division Multiple
Access and Time Division Multiple Access.

07/30/20 9
 CDMA Concepts

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum ( DSSS)

QPSK Modulator
Data
Spread

fc
PN Clock Oscillator
PN
Generator

 Direct multiplication of information signal by a

wideband spreading code.
 DSSS is the technique used in IS-95 CDMA systems.

07/30/20 10
 CDMA Concepts
SPREADING
TX RX
USER INPUT
USER OUTPUT
10011
Cell 01101001100101100110
Cell
1001
1

Spreading Code 10011001100110011001

User Input 1 0 0 1 1

Spreading 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001

Sequence

TX Data 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110

07/30/20 11
Freq. of operation: 824-849Mhz
869-894 MHz
Duplexing Method: FDD
Access Channel per carrier: Max 61

Channels RF Spacing:1.25 MHz

Coverage:5 Km with HHT
20 Km with FWT.
07/30/20 12
 Type of Codes used in CDMA

1. Orthogonal codes :
Two codes are orthogonal to each other if the process
of XORing results in equal number of 0’s and 1’s.
EXAMPLE:
0000
0101

0101
2. PN codes :
PN codes are repetitive binary and pseudorandom.
PN codes are generated using LFSR ( Linear Feedback
Shift Registers ).

07/30/20 13
 CDMA Concepts
Codes used in cdmaOne (IS-95) systems

1. Walsh codes :

64 codes of 64 bit length.

- In Forward Link :
- used to separate users.
- Each Forward channel is assigned a distinct code.

- In Reverse Link :
- 64 Walsh codes are used for orthogonal Modulation.

07/30/20 14
 Definition of Walsh code
 Walsh function is formed by recursion relationship of
Hadamard matrix.

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 1
0
0 1 0 0 1 1

0 1 1 0
 CDMA Concepts
Codes used in cdmaOne (IS-95) systems

2. Short Codes :
- PN sequence of 215 chips.
- Used for cell/sector identification of Base Station by unique

512 PN offsets.

3. Long Codes :
- PN sequence of 242 chips.

- Used for subscriber identification in Reverse Link.

07/30/20 16
 CDMA Concepts
Forward and Reverse Link Channels ( IS-95 A )
Forward Link :
- Pilot
- Synchronization.

- Paging.
- Traffic.

Reverse Link :

- Access.

- Traffic.
07/30/20 17
Larger Capacity
Shannon’s Theorem states that the channel capacity
is related to product of available band width and
S/N ratio
C = W log 2 (1+S/N)
C = channel capacity
W = Band width available
S/N = Signal to noise ratio.

07/30/20 18
As the telephone quality speech is band
limited to 4 Khz, when it is digitized with
PCM its bit rate rises to 64Kb/s
Vocoding compress it to a lower bit rate to
reduce bandwidth.
The transmitting vocoder takes voice
samples and generates an encoded
speech/packet for transmission to the
receiving vocoder.
The receiving vocoder decodes the received
speech packet into voice samples.

07/30/20 19
 One of the important feature of the variable rate vocoder
is the use of adaptive threshold to determine the
required data rate.
 Vocoders are variable rate vocoders.
 By operating the vocoder at half rate on some of the
frames the capacity of the system can be enhanced
without noticeable degradation in the quality of the
speech.
 This phenomenon helps to absorb the occasional heavy
requirement of traffic apart from suppression of
backgraound noise.
 Thus the capacity advantage makes spread spectrum an
ideal choice for use in areas where the frequency
spectrum is congested.

07/30/20 20
1. Reserve link open loop power control
2. Reserve link closed loop power
control
3. Forward link power control

07/30/20 21
The objective of open loop power control in the
reverse link (Mobile to Base) is that the mobile
station should adjust its transmit power according
to the changes in its received power from the base.
Open loop power control attempts to ensure that
the received signal strength at the base station from
different mobile stations, irrespective of their
distances from the base site, should be same.

07/30/20 22
In Closed loop power control in reverse link, the base
station provides rapid corrections to the mobile stations’
open loop estimates to maintain optimum transmit power
by the mobile stations.
The base station measures the received signal strength
from the mobile connected to it and compares it with a
threshold value and a decision is taken by the base every
1.25 ms to either increase or decrease the power of the
mobile.

07/30/20 23
In forward link power control (Base to Mobile) the
cell (base) adjusts its power in the forward link for
each subscriber, in response to measurements
provided by the mobile station so as to provide
more power to the mobile who is relatively far
away from the base or is in a location
experiencing more difficult environment.

07/30/20 24
These power control methods attempt to have
an environment which permits high quality
communication (good S/N) and at the same
time the interference to other mobile stations
sharing the same CDMA channel is minimum.
Thus more numbers of mobile station are able
to use the system without degradation in the
performance.
Apart from the capacity advantage thus
gained power control extends the life of the
battery used in portables and minimizes the
concern of ill effects of RF radiation on the
human body.

07/30/20 25
CDMA provides soft hand-off feature for the
mobile crossing from one cell to another cell
by combining the signals from both the cells
in the transition areas.
This improves the performance of the
network at the boundaries of the cells&
eliminates the dropped calls.

07/30/20 26
GSM Planning CDMA Planning

07/30/20 27
The primary advantage of spread
spectrum is its ability to tolerate a fair
amount of interfering signals as
compared to other conventional systems.
This factor provides a considerable
advantage from a system point of view.

07/30/20 28
 Diversity techniques are often employed to counter the
effect of fading.
 The greater the number of diversity techniques employed,
the better the performance of the system in a difficult
propagation environment.
 CDMA has a vastly improved performance as it employs all
the three diversity techniques in the form of the following:
◦ Frequency Diversity: A wide band RF signal of 1.25 Mhz being used.
◦ Space Diversity : Employed by way of multipath rake receiver.
07/30/20 29
◦ Time Diversity : Employed by way of symbol interleaving error
CDMA wireless in local loop system consisting of a single base
station located at the telephone exchange itself, serving a
single “cell”.
In order to increase the number of subscribers served the cell
is further divided into “sectors”.
These sectors are served by directional antennas.
The capacity of a cellular system is claimed to be 20-40 active
lines per sector per 1.25 MHz for a single CDMA Radio
07/30/20 30
In WLL environment assuming an average busy hour traffic of 0.1
Erlang, 400 subscribers can be served per sector over a single
1.25 MHz channel.
Assuming typically six sectors in a cell the total capacity of a
CDMA network consisting of 1.25 MHz duplex channels is 2400
(400x6) subscribers.
Capacity can further be increased if we use another frequency on
the same base station covering the same geographical area
07/30/20 31
07/30/20 32
 Time Time

Code Code

Freq Freq

FDMA Time TDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access
eg. Analog AMPS Code eg. IS-136, GSM
Each user defined fulltime use of part of the Each user has part time use of the spectral
spectral allocation allocation

CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
eg. IS-95
Full time us of the full spectral allocation
Freq
It’s a Multiple Access concept based on
Direct Spread Spectrum Techniques

Each User is assigned a unique code that

differentiates the call from all other users

Various New Concepts on Voice Activity

Factor, Pole Capacity, Soft Handoff and
Power Control
Why CDMA?
-Greater capacity
-Equal or greater coverage
-Superior Voice Quality
-Provides Soft Handoff
-Superior Security and Privacy
-In-band evolution to 3G
-Roaming
 Logical Channels in CDMA
Pilot (Downlink)
Supervisory Page (Downlink)
Sync (Downlink)
Access (Uplink)

Speech Full 9600 (Rate 1)

& Data Half 4800 (Rate 1/2)
Quarter 2400 (Rate 1/4)
Traffic Eighth 1200 (Rate 1/8)

Signaling

Power Control
07/30/20 
36
Logical Channels

 Sync Channel
 Required for synchronization
 System time
 Long code state

 Pilot Channel
 Identifes the Base Station
 Used to measure signal strength in
support of handoff

07/30/20 
37
Logical Channels

 Page Channel
 CDMA Channel List
 System parameters
 Neighbor List

 Access Channel
 Registration
 Origination
 Page Response

07/30/20 
38
 Walsh Functions
Walsh function used
0 for the pilot channel
1 through 7 for paging channels
32 for the sync channel
as forward traffic channels
8 through 63
for a possible 55 traffic
(but not 32)
channels per call or face

07/30/20 
39
Call Flow

Variable
Variable Channel
Channel Bit
Bit
Rate
Rate Encryption
Encryption
Coding
Coding Interleaving
Interleaving
Vocoding
Vocoding

Quadrature
Quadrature Walsh
Walsh
Modulation
Modulation Spreading
Spreading Coding
Coding

07/30/20 
40
 Call Flow

Variable rate vocoding.

◦ Output is variable rate at ( 9600, 4800,2400, 1200 for Rate
set 1) or ( 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 for Rate set 2)

Channel coding
◦ Output is 19.2 kbps after coding and repetition.

Bit interleaving
◦ To minimize the effects of fading

Encryption
◦ Encryption using the 42 bit Long code

07/30/20 
41
 Call Flow

Walsh coding
◦ Coded with 64bit Walsh code. Output is 1.2288
Mbps

Quadrature spreading
◦ Multiplied with Pilot PN to help identify the base
station

07/30/20 
42
Handoff Types

 Softer Handoff
 A softer handoff occurs when a single channel

element communicates with a personal station

through two sectors of the same base station at the
same time
 Soft Handoff
 A soft handoff occurs when two or more base

stations are communicating with a personal station

at the same time
 Hard Handoff
 A Hard Handoff occurs when an assigned frequency

is changed causing the personal station to retune

07/30/20 
43
•Coverage is restricted by uplink
-Mobile Power
-Walsh Codes not used on uplink

•Link Budget used to finalize Path Loss

-Discuss Example

•In actual practice the following used to determine coverage

-RSSI
-Ec/Io (locating Algorithm)
Power Allocation

Pilot
15% Paging
5.5%
1.5%Sync

78%
Traffic Channels

07/30/20 
45
 Total Power

•Combined power of All Logical Channels

Use digital gain unit for this purpose
Example for 20W compact minicell

07/30/20 
46
07/30/20 47
PSTN

Local FLAS
Exchange V5.2 Interface
E1 Digital
Carrier

NIU Modem
Modem

07/30/20 48
 Speed to Market
 Landline feature transparency
 Local Exchange provides Billing & Subscriber OA&M
 Number Portability - uses dialing plan of local exchange
 Fixed or Limited Mobility
 Uses IS-95/CDMA standard digital air interface protocol

07/30/20 49
Landline features available to FLAS
subscribers
Use landline feature activation codes
No country dependent feature development
Local Exchange(LE) generated dial tone
◦ NIU needs to support feature

07/30/20 50
FLAS CDMA Dependent Features

 Analog Fax
 Answer Supervision
 Metered Pulse
 Handoffs
 Mobility

07/30/20 51
 Access Network
PSTN FLAS

R2, ISUP
Cell

WAM

V5.2
Cell
5ESS®
switch

WLS - Wireless Local Switch

Local Exchange-Any Vendor

Modem NIU
V5.2
V5.2 Access Network
V5.2 LE Interface Modem

07/30/20 52
Base Station
◦ 850 Compact Minicell (Supports Omni, 3 sector
configurations)
◦ 20W RF output

07/30/20 53
Wireless Local Switch

◦ Provides Physical Connectivity for subscriber

voice paths between the base stations and the
V5.2 LE
◦ WLS has a distributed architecture which
consists of 2 basic elements: AWS and SM2000
◦ Packet Switching Unit provides vocoding
functionality
◦ Connectivity to IWF

07/30/20 54
Wireless Access Manager (WAM)

◦ Performs V5.2 Access Network by coordinating

and converting messages between Base Stations
and LE
◦ Service Measurements.

07/30/20 55
 Access Network
PSTN FLAS

R2,
ISUP Local Exchange
Any Vendor
Cell
V5.2
WAM

Cell
5ESS®
V5.2

Local Exchange
Any Vendor

Modem NIU
V5.2
V5.2 LE Interface V5.2 Access Network Modem

07/30/20 56
 Access Network FLAS

PSTN

Cell
R2,
ISUP Local Exchange WAM
Any Vendor
Cell
5ESS®

V5.2
Cell

Cell

WAM Modem NIU

V5.2 Modem
V5.2 LE Interface V5.2 Access Network

07/30/20 57
 5 ESS Switch
E
PSTN

Mobile User
with IS99/IS135 ISP
Handset Modem
Base Mobile Landline
Station Data Modem Bank
Packet Bank
Approved Handler Public
1 2 3
Internet
4

7
5

8
6

9 Clear IWF
* 0 # Enter

Mobile Switching
Center (MSC) Modem

Fixed-End User

07/30/20 58
16
 5 ESS Switch 5 ESS Switch

Wireless Wireless
PSTN Network
Network

Mobile Landline Mobile Landline

NIU Data Modem Data Modem
Modem
NIU
Packet Bank Packet Bank Modem
Handler Handler
Modem IWF IWF Modem

Mobile Switching Mobile Switching

Center (MSC) Center (MSC)

07/30/20 59
19
 Thank You
07/30/20 60
19