Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Flow of Viscous Fluids

Set 01
What do we mean by ‘Fluid’?
 Physically: liquids or gases
 Mathematically:
 A vector field u (represents the fluid velocity)

 A scalar field p (represents the fluid pressure)

 fluid density (d) and fluid viscosity (v)

R. Shanthini
15 Mar 2012
Recalling vector operations
 Del Operator:

 Laplacian Operator:

 Gradient:

 Vector Gradient:

 Divergence:

 Directional Derivative:
Continuity equation for incompressible
(constant density) flow
- derived from conservation of mass

where u is the velocity vector

u, v, w are velocities in x, y, and z directions

Continuity equation derivation

F
G  IJF v IJ
Mass flux out of differential volume  
H y KG
y v  y  x  z
H y K
Rate of change of mass in 
 y x z
y differential volume t

z
x
Mass flux into differential volume vxz

R. Shanthini
15 Mar 2012
Continuity equation derivation

Mass flux into differential volume

= Mass flux out of differential volume

+ Rate of change of mass in differential volume

F
G  IF v I
  yJG
v  yJxz

v x  z =
H y KH y K +
t
 y x z

R. Shanthini
15 Mar 2012
Continuity equation in 1-dimension

v  
 v  
y y t

 v 
 0
y  t

known as one
dimensional Continuity
equation
Continuity equation in 3-dimension

af af a f
  u  v  w
   0
t x y z

where u, v, w are velocities in x, y, and z directions


   V  0
t
divergence
Continuity equation for
incompressible flow

Density is constant for incompressible flow:

u  v w
  0
x  y  z

or

V  0
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ
kinematic
viscosity
density
(constant)
(constant)
pressure

external force
(such as
gravity)
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ

υ ρ
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ

Acceleration term:
change of velocity
with time
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ

Advection term:
force exerted on a
particle of fluid by the
other particles of fluid
surrounding it
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ
viscosity (constant) controlled
velocity diffusion term:
(this term describes how fluid motion is
damped)
 Highly viscous fluids stick together (honey)
 Low-viscosity fluids flow freely (air)
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ

Pressure term:
Fluid flows in the
direction of
largest change
in pressure
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ

Body force term:

external forces that act
on the fluid (such as
gravity,
electromagnetic, etc.)
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ

change
in body
= advection + diffusion + pressure + force
velocity
with time
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations
for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid

υ ρ
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations
for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid
in Cartesian coordinates

Continuity:

Navier-Stokes:
x - component:

y - component:

z - component:
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an
infinite channel with stationery plates
- fully developed plane Poiseuille flow
Fixed plate

Fluid flow direction

y
h
x
Fixed plate
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an
infinite channel with one plate moving at uniform velocity

- fully developed plane Couette flow

Moving plate

Fluid flow direction

y
h
x
Fixed plate
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations
for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid
in cylindrical coordinates

Continuity:

Navier-Stokes:
Radial component:

Tangential component:

Axial component:

R. Shanthini
15 Mar 2012
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in a pipe
- fully developed pipe Poisuille flow

Fixed pipe φ
r
z Fluid flow direction 2a 2a

R. Shanthini
15 Mar 2012
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid between
a stationary outer cylinder and a rotating inner cylinder
- fully developed pipe Couette flow

a r
b
aΩ

R. Shanthini
15 Mar 2012