ESTIMATING CIRCUIT PARAMETERS USING

TRANSFER FUNCTION METHODOLGY

Guided By:
Dr. Shaikshavali Chitraganti.

Group members:
G Chitra Am.en.u4ece13017
Gana C Nair Am.en.u4ece13018
Harsha Hari Am.en.u4ece13024
Shivarama Krishna Am.en.u4ece13051
Sri Charan Reddy Am.en.u4ece13126
INTRODUCTION
 Estimating parameters of Second Order Systems
using the input-output data.
 Estimating parameters is done by three methods

1)State space models.

2)Output error method.
3)Transfer function.
Our Aim:
 We are going to address estimation problem using
transfer function methodology because state space
and output error are quite complicated and use
extensive linear algebra.
 TYPE OF TEST SIGNAL

 The input signal used in an identification experiment can

have a significant influence on the resulting parameter
estimates.
 Typical types of input signal often used in practice include:

 Impulse function(approximate)

 Step function

 Sinusoids

 The signals we consider in this Project is step function.

 TYPE OF TEST SIGNAL

Step signal input.

 It is easy to apply.

 It is very sensitive to noise. (Usually requires a rather

large amplitude to obtain reasonable results).
 Generally, it can only give a basic model.

 Steady state gain is easily found, in the absence of

drift, from the initial and final values of the step
response.
 User choices to be considered:

Amplitude( uf)
 Duration( T )
SECOND ORDER SYSTEM STEP
RESPONSE

 The
  response can be classified as one of three types of
damping that describes the output in relation to the steady-
state response.
ms2+bs+k=0
With characteristic roots
S1,2
 There are three cases depending on the sign of the
expression under square root:
 i)b2 <4mk (this will be under−damping, b is small relative to m and k )
 ii)b2 > 4mk (this will be over−damping, b is large relative to m and k )
 iii)b2 = 4mk (this will be critical−damping, b is just between over and
under−damped )
ESTIMATING TRANSFER FUNCTION FROM
STEP RESPONSE (CRITICAL DAMPED)
Problem-1:Estimating
  
Consider a second order system with same poles.
G(s)= ; T1 ≠ T2 (1)
 T1 and T2are time constants and K is the System gain,
which are to be identified using input output data
{u(t),y(t)}.
 Input is unit step function i.e., u(t)=1 for t≥0

Y(s)=G(s)U(s)
Y(s)=
Y(s)=K[-] (2)
 Itsinverse laplace transform is
y(t)=L-1[Y(s)]=K[1-e-t/T1-te-t/T1]
y(t)=L-1[Y(s)]=K[1-e-t/T1+βte-t/T1] (3)
Where β= -. (4)
From (3) we can see that K=y(∞).
We can take two points (t1,y(t1)) and (t2,y(t2)) on the step
response curve and substitute them into (3) and then get two
equations.
y(t1) =K[1−e−t1/T1 +βt1e−t1/T1],
y(t2) =K[1−e−t2/T1 +βt2e−t2/T1].
This is a transcendental equation, so we cannot obtain the solution
of T1 and T2 using the algebraic method.
In order to avoid the transcendental equation, we take two
special points (t1,y(t1)) and (2t1,y(2t1)) on the step response
curve and substitute them into (3) and then get two
equations:
y(t1) =K[1−e−t1/T1 +βt1e−t1/T1],
y(2t1) =K[1−e−2t1/T1 +β2t1e−2t1/T1].
y(t1) =K(1−α+βαt1),
y(2t1) =K(1−α2 +2βα2t1), (5)
where α :=e−t1/T1. (6)
 Let k1 := −1, k2 := −1. (7)
Eq.(5) gives −α+βαt1 =k1, (8)
−α2 +2βα2t1 =k2. (9)
Squaring both sides of (8) plus (9) gives
βαt1 =±.
Consider α > 0 and substituting into (8),
we have α =−k1 + (10)
Substituting into (7) gives
β=. (11)
Substituting (10)and(11)into(4)and(6)gives
T1 =,
T2 = β T12 +T1.
 SIMULATION
  

By deriving Transfer function of the above circuit is

G(s)
 Giving input as step function to above circuit and
consider output across capacitor. Then we will get
step response of the respective circuit.
 RESULTS
Step Response
1.2

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (seconds)

Step response curve (critical damped).

Step response data of RLC circuit(critical damped)

 
K ,T1 & T2 Parameters Calculations.
 K = y(∞)/U = 1.

 We take t1 =4s,t2 =6s and t3=8s and use the data above
Table and the proposed method to determine the
parameters of this example system , the estimated transfer
function is
G(s)

 From above we know the parameters of Time constants

T1,T2andGainK.

 Comparing the estimated transfer function with the circuit

transfer function and assuming one parameter of
capacitor as 10µF.

 Then we can find remaining parameters R and L

 ESTIMATING TRANSFER FUNCTION
FROM STEP RESPONSE (OVER DAMPED)
Problem-2:Estimating
  
K  T3 s  1
G(s)  ; T1  T2 , T3  T1 , T3  T2  1
 T1s  1 T2 s  1
 •,
and are the time constants and K is the gain
•Let be a unit step function.
•We have,
K  T3 s  1 1
Y (s)  
 T1s  1 T2 s  1 s
 The step response is
k  (2)
 
Notice = y.
Taking three points , and on the step response curve in and
substituting them in equation (2)

 T  T1 t1 / T1 T3  T2 t1 / T2 
y(t1 )  k 1  3 e  e 
 T1  T2 T1  T2 
 T  T1  2t1 / T1 T3  T2  2 t1 / T2 
y(2t1 )  k 1  3 e  e 
 T1  T2 T1  T2 
 T  T1 3t1 / T1 T3  T2 3t1 / T2 
y(3t1 )  k 1  3 e  e 
 T1  T2 T1  T2 
4
 T3  T1
• Let 1  exp(t1 / T1 ),  2  exp(t1 / T2 ),  
T1  T2 (3)

Then we have;
 y (t1 )  k [1   1  (1   ) 2 ],

 y ( 2t1 )  k [1   1
2
 (1   ) 2
2 ],
 y (3t )  k[1   3  (1   ) 3 ].
 1 1 2

𝑦 ( 2𝑡 1 ) 𝑦 (3 𝑡 1)
, 𝑘  2= −1 , 𝑘  3= −1
• Let   𝐾 𝐾

Hence, we have the following equations:

  1   2    2  k1 ,
 
  12   2 2   2 2  k 2 ,
  1
3
2
3
  2
3
 k3 ,

  1   2   k1   2 ,
 
 12   2 2  k 2   2 2 ,
(4)
  1
3
2
3
k 3  2 ,
3
Eliminating β gives
k1  1   2   1 2  k 2 ,
k1[ 1   2   1 2 ]   1   2 1 2
2
 k3 .

Thus we have,
2
k 2  k1k 3
1 2  2
,
k1  k 2
k 3  k1k 2
1   2  2
,
k1  k 2

 Since , we have, and

k1k 2  k3  b
1  2
,
2(k1  k 2 )
(5)
k1k 2  k3  b
2  2
,
2(k1  k 2 )
3 2 2 3 2
b  4k1 k3  3k1 k 2  4k 2  k3  6k1k 2 k3 . (6)
(7)
17
 Substituting
   and into (4) gives
3
  2k1  3k1k 2  k3  b
 .
2 b (8)
Substituting (5)–(8) into (3) gives the estimates of the time
constants and 3 as follows:
t1 ˆ t1
T1   , T2   , Tˆ3   (Tˆ1  Tˆ2 )  Tˆ1
ln 1 ln  2
  To enhance the estimation accuracy, we may take ,
and , , and , and estimates of , we take their average
as the estimates of

 This method can be extended to higher-order systems.

SIMULATION
(OVER DAMPED)

Circuit consider for over damped.

By deriving Transfer function of the above circuit is
 G(s)

Giving input as step function to above circuit and

consider output across capacitor & Resistor . Then we will
get step response of the respective circuit.
 RESULTS

Step response curve (over damped)

Step response data (over damped)

 K ,T1 , T2 &T3 Parameters Calculations.

 K = y(∞)/U = 1.

 We take t1 =3s,t2 =6s and t3=9s and use the data in Table
5.1 and the proposed method to determine the parameters
of this example system , the estimated transfer function is
G(s)
 From above we know the parameters of Time constants
T1,T2 ,T3 and Gain K.

 Comparing the estimated transfer function with the circuit

transfer function and assuming one parameter of capacitor
as 10µF.
 Then we can find remaining parameters R1,R2 and L
 CONCLUSION
 This project we used the algebraic method to estimate
the parameters of the transfer function models of second-
order systems from step response data, avoiding the
difficulty of solving transcendental equations.

 The numerical examples and simulation shows that the

proposed methods are effective for identifying the
second-order systems.
 FUTURE SCOPE

 We have only obtained identification of four parameters

using unit step responses. Instead of giving unit step
response ,can go for many other responses.

 Can convert transfer function to state space and apply

identification in state space since it is applicable for non
linear systems and linear systems without assuming zero
initial condition.

 Can also go for experimental setup.

 REFERENCES
 System Identification, Academic Press, New York, 1971;Sage, A. P. and Melsa, I. L.
Identification of linear system via numerical invetsion of Laplace transforms;Bellman, R. E.,
Kagiwad, H. H. and Kalaba, R. E.
 An on-line technique for system identification. ;Hsia, T. C and Vimolwanich,V
 A technique for identification of linear systems. ; Steiglitz, K. Mcbridge, L. E.
 Approximation to a specified time response. ;Yengst, W. C.
 Adaptive Control Systems, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1961, pp. 50-90. ; Mishkin,
E. and Braun, L.
 Physical Science: What the Technology Professional Needs to Know (2000); C. Lon Enloe,
Elizabeth Garnett, Jonathan Miles
 ”Estimation”, Data Construction and Data Analysis for Survey Research (2001); Raymond A.
Kent
 A gradient based adaptive control algorithm for dual-rate systems; F. Ding, T. Chen
 An over estimate is an estimate you know is greater than the exact answer; James Tate, John
Schoonbeck
 An underestimate is an estimate you know is less than the exact answer; James Tate, John
Schoonbeck,
 A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge(PMBOK Guide)Third Edition, An
American National Standard, ANSI/PMI 99-001-2004, Project Management Institute, Inc, 2004,
ISBN 1-930699-45-X.;
 Identification for the second-order systems based on the step response; Lei Chen,Junhong
Li,Ruifeng Ding.
QUESTIONS & COMMENTS