3G Mechanism Technology Analysis and Comparison

Objectives

After completing this course, you

should be able to:

 Have an overall understanding of

characteristics of three 3G mechanisms

 Find out advantages of each mechanism

by comparison

 Know key factors for mechanism

selection
 Table of Contents

Chapter 1 3G Mechanism Analysis

Chapter 2 WCDMA and CDMA2000

Chapter 3 Key factors for mechanism selection

Training.huawei.com
 Different Demands for Different Periods

Early demands Current demands New demands

Speech quality Large capacity Larger capacity

Basic conversation Low-speed rate data Higher spectrum

capabilities utilization
Privacy High-speed data
access
High speech QoS
Higher QoS

Safer service

Lower operation cost

 Different Services for Different Demands

Early service Current service New service

Higher-quality speech

Single service High-quality speech High-speed mobile

User access
Not high QoS Simple low-speed Positioning service
data service
Bad privacy Short message Multimedia and e-
commerce
Personalized service
Lower operation cost
Operator High operation Low operation cost Higher spectrum
cost utilization
Low spectrum High spectrum Multiple services
utilization utilization
Single service A few value-added QoS improvement
services
Improvement of
market competition
 Different Technologies for Different Services

1st generation in 1980s 2nd generation in 1990s 3rd generation

Analog Digital IMT-2000

AMPS GSM
UMTS

Digital technology

Speech service

Broadband service
Analog technology

CDMA WCDMA
TACS IS95
Driven by Driven by
demands demands cdma
NMT TDMA 2000
IS-136
TD-
其它
PDC SCDMA

3G provides perfect solutions to integrated services for users and operators .

 Core of 3G- CDMA Technology

WCDMA
Core network: MAP and GPRS-based
network
Radio transmission technology:
WCDMA － FDD/TDD

cdma2000 3G TD-SCDMA
Core network: ANSI 41 and MIP
Core network: MAP-based
network mechanism network
Radio transmission technology: Radio transmission technology:
cdma2000 TD-SCDMA

CDMA technology is the core of 3G.

 Cdma2000 Technology Mechanism-Network Features

1. CS domain: inherit 2G CDMA network, introducing

the service platform with WIN as the basic architecture

2. PS domain: extended into the broadband packet

network based on IWF

3. Radio access network: use ATM as its platform,

providing a variety of adaptation layer interfaces.

4. Air interface: be compatible with IS95

 Features of cdma2000 RTT Technology

Channel bandwidth:
N*1.25Mhz
Chip rate: N*1.2288
BTS synchronization mode: Mcps N=1,3,6,9,12 speech code:8K/13K

require GPS/GLONASS QCELP 8K EVRC

Power control: uplink/downlink

closed loop power control,
CDMA Channel code:
Convolutional Code and
and outer loop power control
2000 TURBO code

Transmit diversity mode: Modulation mode:

uplink QPSK
OTD and STS
Downlink BPSK
Demodulation mode:
pilot-assistant coherence
demodulation
 cdma2000 1X Technology Features

 IS-95A/B is the subset of cdma2000.

 Support the chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps
 Support spread spectrum demodulation: forward QPSK and re
verse HPSK
 Support reverse pilot and coherence demodulation
 Support fast forward and reverse power control
 Support forward transmit diversity, including OTD and STS
 Add Turbo code to channel code
 Support changeable frame length, such as 5ms, 10ms, 20ms, 4
0ms and 80ms
 Support F-QPCH to prolong standby time of the MS
 Support the maximum rate of 307.2kbps
 Support QoS negotiation
 Support multimedia service
 Support 8K/13K QCELP 8 kbps EVRC
 Feature channel capacity which are two times of that in IS-95A/
B
 cdma2000 1X Candidate Enhancement Technologies

 HDR put forward by Qualcomm, supporting data service with the

maximum rate of 2.4Mbps
 1XTREME put forward by Motorola and Nokia Incorporations jointly
 LAS-CDMA put forward by China
 HDR-based 1X-EV-DO version has completed for 3GPP2. 1X-EV-DV
version is now being discussed based on technologies put forward by
Motorola, Lucent and LAS-CDMA .
 cdma2000 3X Technology Features

Chip rate: 3*1.2288 Mcps

Max. access rate: 2Mbps

1 .2 5 M H z

F o rw a rd
L in k

0 1 M H z 2 M H z 3 M H z 4 M H z 5 M H z

R e v e rse
L in k

0 1 M H z 2 M H z 3 M H z 4 M H z 5 M H z
 Cdma2000 Transition

cdma2000 is compatible with IS-95A/B.

Add SCH to support packet services.
Add cdma2000 1X BSC and cdma2000 BTS to realize smooth transition,
namely, upgrading service smoothly requires adding devices.

1 IS-95A/B carrier
1 IS-95A/B carrier cdma2000 1X carrier
+ 2 cdma2000 1X carrier
 WCDMA Development History

t
WCDMA
en
m
l op
ve
de
d
an
n
u tio
ol
Ev GSM + GPRS m
en
t
p
lo
e ve
d
d
an
n
io
ut
GSM Ev
ol

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

 WCDMA Technology Mechanism-Network Features

1. The core network is based on evolution of GSM/GPRS network and

keeps compatibility with GSM/GPRS network.

2. The core network can be based on TDM, ATM and IP technologies and
evolve into the network with full-IP architecture.

3. The core network is logically divided into CS domain and PS domain,

implementing CS services and PS services respectively.

4. Based on ATM technology, UTRAN processes speech and packet services

in a unified way and evolves into IP.

5. MAP and GPRS tunnel technologies are the core of mobility management
mechanism in the WCDMA system.
 Basic Contents of WCDMA

BTS synchronization mode: support asynchronous and

synchronous BTS running

Signal bandwidth: 5MHz; chip rate: 3.84Mcps

Transmit diversity mode: TSTD, STTD and FBTD

Channel code: convolutional code

and Turbo code
Modulation mode: uplink: QPSK; downlink:
QPSK
Power control: uplink/downlink closed loop power
control, and outer loop power control
Demodulation mode: pilot-assistant coherence
demodulation

speech code: AMR

 WCDMA Technology Advantages

 Larger system capacity

 Better speech quality
 Higher spectrum efficiency
 Quicker data rate
 Stronger anti-fading capability
 Stronger anti-multipath capability
 Adapted to mobility speed of up to
500km/h
 TD-SCDMA Development History

Integrated TD-SCDMA
and WCDMA-TDD
technologies

Formed TD-SCDMA
resolution

As one of resolutions for

2000
3GPP, TD-SCDMA was

1998 approved in the 3GPP

conference.

Began to research
TD-SCDMA

1999
1990
 TD-SCDMA Technology Mechanism-Network Features

1. The core network is based on evolution of GSM/GPRS network

and keeps compatibility with GSM/GPRS network.

2. The core network can be based on TDM, ATM and IP technologies

and evolve into the network with full-IP architecture.

3. The core network is logically divided into CS domain and PS domain,

implementing CS services and PS services respectively.

4. Based on ATM technology, UTRAN processes speech and packet

services in a unified way and evolves into IP.

5. MAP and GPRS tunnel technologies are the core of mobility

management
mechanism in the WCDMA system.

TD-SCDMA technology mechanism will adopt core network structure of

WCDMA mechanism.
 TD-SCDMA Technology Features

TD-SCDMA, put forward by CWTS, is the first Chinese communication

standard accepted by ITU.

The main features of TD-SCDMA: 3S Key technologies of TD-SCDMA

 Smart antenna+ joint detection

 Multi-slot CDMA+DS-CDMA
 Smart Antenna  Synchronous CDMA
 Synchronous CDMA Channel coding/decoding and
interleaving (the same as 3GPP)
 Software Radio
Relay handoff
 Advantages of TD-SCDMA System

 Be able to use spectrum efficiently because no binate band class is required. In

addition, band class assignment is also simple. Whereas, the FDD technology in
the WCDMA system requires binate band class.
 Be more suitable for asymmetrical services because uplink and downlink
resources can be flexibly allocated, including Internet, multimedia application and
file transfer service. Whereas, the WCDMA system has to waste one uplink band
class up to now.
 Be easy to use such new technologies as smart antenna to improve performance
and reduce cost due to symmetrical electric wave propagation. The reason is that
uplinks and downlinks are of pertinence and work on the same frequency.
Whereas, the WCDMA system do not feature pertinence because its uplinks and
downlinks do not use the same frequency.
 Feature low cost of TDD equipment due to corresponding channels. Therefore,
receiver can be simplified. In addition, single-chip IC can be used to realize RF
transceiver due to no requirements for receiving and sending isolation.
 Disadvantages of TD-SCDMA System

 Inter-BTS synchronization: Inter-BTS synchronization is required to redu

ce interference between BTSs.
 Interference in TDD: As a synchronization system, the TDD has high req
uirements for synchronization which plays a very important role in the co
mmunication system. In addition, that uplinks and downlinks are on the s
ame band class adds interference type.
 Narrower coverage compared with the WCDMA system
 Mobility speed: TDD required by ITU-R supports a maximum rate of 120
km/h, while the FDD supports a maximum rate of 500km/h.
 Transmit power: TD-SCDMA results in pulse power interference due to f
actors of TDMA, thereby requiring great transient transmit power. But FD
D has not such a problem because it is transmitted on all slots.
 Comparison among Three Mechanisms

WCDMA cdma2000 TD-SCDMA

Structure of
receiver
RAKE WCDMARAKE RAKE
Closed power control Support Support Support
Cross-area handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff Relay handoff
Demodulation mode Coherence demodulation Coherence demodulation
Coherence demodulation

Chip rate (Mcps) 3.84 N*1.2288 1.28

TSTD
Transmit diversity OTD
mode STTD None
STS
FBTD
Synchronization mode Asynchronization Synchronization Synchronization
Core GSM MAP ANSI-41 GSM MAP
 Summary

 This chapter introduces and compares technical features of

three 3G mechanisms. Engineers can have a better
understanding of various 3G mechanisms by studying
these features.
Table of Contents

Chapter 1 3G Mechanism Analysis

Chapter 2 WCDMA and CDMA2000

Chapter 3 Key Factors for Mechanism Selection

Training.huawei.com
 Analysis of Key Factors

WCDMA cdma2 000

Channel bandwidth5MHz/3.84Mcps 1.25MHz/1.2288Mcps
Chip rate Feature as three times of Fewer separated multipath than WCDMA
  but flexible planning and application
resolution precision as cdma2000
 Improve the capability against Require as three times of RF components as
radio channel fading
 Improve capacity by 10% in the case of  WCDMA to realize the same speech and
high-speed moving, compared with data bearer.
the 1.2288Mcps of chip rate

speech coding/ Changeable rate code:

 decoding  AMR speech with 8 types of rate  8Kbps (EVRC) and 13Kbps (QCELP)
Provide 12.2Kbps speech when
 the system has low load.
 Dynamically change AMR rate until 4.75Kbps  Non-network dynamic selection
to hold more users when
the network has heavy load.  Usually select EVRC

 Support dynamic adjustment of

network capacity and QoS by operators.


 Analysis of Key Factors

WCDMA c dma2 000

Power control1500Hz fast power control for inner loop 800Hz fast power control
for inner loop

 Feature better anti-fading performance and

provide better conversation quality
 Increase capacity and coverage range

SynchronizationAsynchronization or synchronization (optional) Synchronization (GPS)

Convenient BTS networking,
  Simplify handoff and search processes
independent of GPS
 MS consumes more 13% of
electricity in the asynchronization mode
 Analysis of Key Factors

WCDMA cdma2 000

Support soft/softer/inter-frequency hard/ Support soft/softer/inter-frequency hard/
Handoff
inter-GSMs handoff inter-IS-95 handoff

 Introduce compressed mode and no disconnection

 Must disconnect communication with the original
occurs during inter-frequency or carrier and then synchronize and measure on
inter-system measurement . the new carrier again.

 Reduce call drop rate of the system  Feature unstable speech quality to result in frequent
call drop. So, require adding extra Pilot Beacon
to BTS.

Transmit
diversity Support open loop transmit diversity Support open loop transmit diversity (OTD and STS)
(TSTD and STTD) and only
closed loop transmit diversity
 Not supported by terminals now
Feature stronger capability of
 adapting channel environment
 Supported by terminals
Closed loop transmit diversity provides
higher diversity gain and increases
downlink capacity and coverage capability of
the system in the case of low-speed moving.
 Analysis of Speech Capability
Capacity of speech service (unit: Erlang/MHz/cell)

WCDMA (12.2Kbps) cdma2000 (8Kbps)

Preset conditions
Simulation Test

Indoors
19.6 18.5 17.4

Outdoor walking 3 kilo/h 16.4 15.7 16.2

Vehicle mounted 120 kilo/h 15 14.1 13.2

• WCDMA simulation and test data are obtained from Huawei’s outside plant testing in Oct. 2004,
while cdma2000 test data are obtained from Huawei’s outside plant testing in Alug. 2001.
• WCDMA features different speech code rate from cdma2000.

WCDMA has equal speech capability as cdma20001x.

 Analysis of Data Capability

Capacity of data service (unit: Kbps/MHz/cell)

WCDMA cdma2000
Preset conditions

384Kbps 144 Kbps 64 Kbps 153.6 Kbps

预置条件
Indoors 451 394 351 270

Outdoor walking 3 kilo/h 451 386 343 210

Vehicle mounted 120 kilo/h 350 300 279 210

WCDMA simulation and test data are obtained from Huawei’s outside plant testing in Oct. 2001
,
while cdma2000 test data are obtained from Huawei’s outside plant testing in Aug. 2001.

WCDMA features greater data service capacity than cdma2000

 Radio Coverage Analysis
Results of test on core band class sensitivity of Huawei’s WCDMA and cdma2000 are as
follows:
WCDMA cdma2000
BTS receiver sensitivity
Protocol Test Protocol Test
(dBm)
-121 -125 -119 -127.5
Results of the test on Huawei’s WCDMA coverage performance are as follows:

Service Coverage radius

Uplink/downlink 144Kbps data service 5 kilo

Uplink/downlink 384 Kbps data service 3 kilo

12.2Kbps speech service 10.5 kilo

Site: ordinary city zone in outside plant in Shanghai; time : 2001/12 ; vehicle speed: 60km/s: test conditi
ons: dual polarization antenna, 17.15dbi of gain, 25 meters of mounted height
WCDMA has equal radio coverage capability as cdma2000 on the
core band class.
 Analysis of Supporting Smart Antenna

Smart antenna is one of most important enhancement

technologies in 3G.
 Compared with dual antenna receiving diversity, four antenna multi-beam handoff
doubles the system capacity and increases coverage area by 50%.
 Each user can reduce cost by 27% by adopting smart antenna technology to
establish mobile networks.
Key technologies to support
smart antenna WCDMA cdma2000

Multi-beam handoff technology Realized in the whole coverage area Realized within local hot spot area

Self-sensing antenna array

technology Define dedicated pilots in Not define downlink dedicated
standard and can be easily pilots and cannot be easily
realized. realized.

WCDMA standard can better support smart antenna

technology.
 Development of WCDMA Standard

WCDMA standard is clearly classified and precisely made.

• Support HSDPA technology and cater to requirements for future high-speed radio data service
• Cater to the development trend of IP technology, and introduce IP by stages to realize it in the
whole network and to perfect standards
• Realize forward compatibility with 2001/06 and the following protocols

• IP real-time multimedi
a
• HSPDA

• CS IP speech bearer
3GPP Rel5
• CS Call Server/ MGW

• GSM/GPRS core
network
• WCDMA FDD
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel99
Time point when
functions are frozen

2000/03 2001/03 2002/03

 Development of cdma2000 Standard

Uncertain factors occur to development of cdma2000 standard.

• Support 1x EV technology and cater to requirements for future high-speed radio
data service
• Be disputable on the development of cdma2000 1x EV-DO/DV in the industry.
• Lag behind in terms of core network standard and technology
• DO: high-speed data service
• DV: high-speed data service +
speech service
• 307.2kbps
• Speech capacity cdma2000

• 115.2kbps
• 8 code channel
doubled

cdma20001x
1xEV-DO/DV ?
• QCELP speech binding
code
• 9.6kbps
IS-95B cdma2000-3x
IS-95A Time point when
specifications are
completed

1995 1998 2000 2002

 Analysis of Future High-Speed Data Service
Development

WCDMA and cdma2000 high-speed data services are compared as

follows:

WCDMA cdma2000

HSDPA 1X EV-DO 1X EV-DV

Standardized time 2002/03 2001 ?

Requirements for Support data through
network construction Smooth upgrade separate carrier Smooth upgrade

Highest data rate 10M 2.4M 2.4M

Terminal complexity Complex Require two sets of RF Complex
and cost much
 Interface Openness Analysis

WCDMA specifications is precisely made and strictly organized.

 All WCDMA interfaces are open based on 3GPP specifications.

 The pilot network of DoCoMo in Japan proved feasible to open Iub interface.

The preciseness of cdma2000 standard are to be strengthened.

 It is difficult for operators to complete type selection of equipment if IS95
devices from different manufacturers cannot realize interworking.

 BTSs and BSCs from different manufacturers cannot realize interworking with
each other if Abis interface is not opened.
 Signaling Networking and Roaming Analysis
WCDMA and cdma2000 signaling networking and roaming are compared as
follows:
WCDMA cdma2000
Signaling network ITU 7 signaling network ANSI 7 signaling network in North America
Support global roaming Require establishing Gateway to resolve interworking

Mobile subscriber IMSI MIN

identity
 The only to identify a mobile  Refer to the last 10 digits of IMSI,
subscriber globally excluding country number and mobile
network number

 Support global roaming  Most part of MINs are allocated to North

America and only a few numbers (IRM)
are allocated internationally.

 Cannot support international roaming

efficiently

MCC MNC MSIN/MIN

IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber
Identity)
National Mobile Subscriber Identity
 Signaling Networking and Roaming Analysis
(Continued)

Consider the following when processing CDMA signaling networking and roaming
during actual applications in China:
• Require network equipment to complete the conversion from MIN to IMSI and
architecture since CDMA signaling networks in China adopt ITU 7 signaling.
• Pay more attention to number analysis and route configuration of network equipment
since MIN number segments are allocated to China discontinuously.
• Adopt IMSI to resolve problems during CDMA roaming by
• Upgrading existing CDMA network equipment
• Considering downward compatibility
• Supporting MIN and IMSI simultaneously by the network and putting forward special
requirements for equipment
• Cannot support international roaming efficiently.
 Summary

 This chapter compares and analyzes WCDMA and

CDMA2000 from such aspects as key technologies, service
capability and protocol development. Engineers will under
their advantages and disadvantages by comparison.
Table of Contents

Chapter 1 3G Mechanism Analysis

Chapter 2 WCDMA and CDMA2000

Chapter 3 Key Factors for Mechanism Selectio

Training.huawei.com
 Communication Market and Service
Development Trend
• GSM subscribers are about 660 million globally, accounting for 68% of mobile
subscribers all over the world.
• CDMA subscribers are 100 million globally, accounting for 10% of mobile
subscribers all over the world. They are centered in North America and East
Asia.
• Key factors for GSM to obtain a great success in 2G mobile market are as
follows:
» Precise and open standard, as well as global roaming
» Supported by many manufacturers
100 million 70000
cdma 66000

880 million
60000
GSM
50000
40000
30000
200 million 20000
Others 20000
10000
10000
0
GSM CDMA Others

GSM CDMA Others GSM CDMA Others

Note: Data is from 3GSM conference, released in Feb. 2002.

 Frequency Resources in China

• Frequency classification in IMT2000 and Europe is the same as that in China.

• Frequency classification in North America conflicts with the core band class in
China.
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200
1885 MHz 2010 MHz

ITU 1805 MHz IMT 2000 MSS

1980 MHz IMT 2000 MSS

1880 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

cellular (1) cellular (2) 2025MHz
cellular (2)
GSM FDD TDD FDD
中国 1800
PCS
WLL WLL
PCS
WLL
1865

1920

1945

1960

1980
Frequency resources Available mechanism

3G core band class 60M in uplink/downlink respectively WCDMA (supported widely)

Cdma2000 (lack support and require
1920 －1980/2110 －2170MHz changing frequency)

1880-1920 MHz TDD frequency TD-SCDMA

2000-2015 MHz Total 155 MHz
2300-2400 MHz
1800MHz band class 55MHz left GSM 1800
 Maturity of 3G Technology

WCDMA: The technology has been mature and its products are stepping into
commercial use stage.
• Japanese NTT DoCoMo has been for commercial use.
• Commercial system equipment and terminal products began to be available on the market
gradually since the next half year of 2002.
• WCDMA terminals are as complex as cdma2000 terminals. The cost mainly depends on
market support.

cdma2000 system with 800M band class

• Korean SKT has been for commercial use.
• cdma2000 with 800MHz band class wins wide support from equipment and terminal
manufactures.

cdma2000 system with 3G core band class

• There are few operators to select the mechanism with such a band class globally.
• Band class translation results in changes to system designs, including equipment and
terminals.
• Compatible instruments and terminals manufacturers make a slow progress, thereby
affecting R&D process of equipment manufacturers.
 3G Mechanism Selection for Various Operators (Top20)

China Mobile (China) Own GSM networks

NTT DoCoMo (Japan) WCDMA
Verizon (USA) cdma2000
Italia Mobile (Italy) WCDMA
Cingular (USA) WCDMA
D2 Vodafone (Germany) WCDMA
T-Mobil ( Germany) WCDMA
China Unicom (China) Own CDMA and GSM networks
AT&T (USA) WCDMA
Omnitel Vodafone (Italy) WCDMA
KDDI (Japan) cdma2000
France Telecom Mobiles (France) WCDMA
Telefónica Moviles (Spain) WCDMA
Vodafone (Britain) WCDMA
SK Telecom (Korea) WCDMA/cdma2000
América Móvil (Mexico) Uncertain
BT Cellnet (Britain) WCDMA
SFR (France) WCDMA
Sprint (USA) cdma2000
Orange (Britain) WCDMA

Adopting the unified band class globally, WCDMA features stronger roaming and global
service expansion capability.
Globally, only two operators announce to select cdma2000 with core band class but not
for commercial use up to now.
 Industry Support Statistics

WCDMA cdma2000
Supported by many manufacturers 800M: supported by many manufacturers
System equipment
Unavailable in large scale at in 2002 3G core band class: lack support

Supported by many manufacturers 800M: supported by many manufacturers

Terminal product
Unavailable in large scale in 2002 3G core band class: lack support

Supported by many manufacturers Single

Chip

800M: have been mature

RF parts Have mature and stable suppliers
3G core band class: difficult to obtain support from
MS, RF parts and module suppliers

Supported by various instruments 800M: have been mature

Test instruments
3G
Gcore band class: none

Still be at initial stage and have no

Service chain WCDMA and iMode realized organic successful example
combination
 Network Construction Cost Forecast

• Since GSM1800, cdma2000 and WCDMA is equippe

d with equal coverage capability, network construction
cost mainly depends on equipment cost.
• Equipment cost mainly depends on industry chain
• Technology
• Standardization
• Output
• Wide support or not
• Market competition
 Development of WCDMA Terminals

• Japan has developed WCDMA commercial terminals based on

3GPP 2001/06 protocol version in the next half of 2002.

• Price of a MS is determined by the size of batch rather than the

absolute time.
 WCDMA Terminal Price and Performance
Forecast
Price forecast of low-end MSs applicable to markets in China
Main performance specifications
(Price upon delivery)
Price （ $ ） of a low-end MS are as
300 follows:
267
• Speech
250
• Packet Communication
200
200 • E-mail
150 • Large screen LCD
150 (Monochrome type)
113 • 16 harmonies Ringer
100
• Straight type
50
Quantity of terminals
0 （ unit: ten thousand pieces ）

10 100 1000 10000

Standby time and talk time

Time Standby Talk Time
2001 55H 90M
2002 150H 100M
2003 300H 110M
 Summary

 This chapter discusses some main factors for mechanism

selection. Engineers can know how to select a suitable 3G
mechanism by studying these factors.
 Conclusion

 Apart from analyzing and comparing various 3G

mechanisms, this slide also introduces some factors to
be considered during mechanism selection.
Thank
you!