ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

TERMINOLOGIES
IN ANATOMY
Presented by:-
MR. SAIHOU SANNEH
RN, RM, BSN&RH, FWACN.
ANATOMY:- The branch of science that deals with
the study of the structural make up and
relationship of the body parts of an organism. Part
of the word means to CUT or DISSECT into
parts for detailed study.
PHYSIOLOGY:- deals with the functions of an
organism or any of its parts.
SUB-DISCIPLINES OF ANATOMY
• HISTOLOGY:- is the study of tissues at the
microscopic level.
• CYTOLOGY:- is the study of cells at the
microscopic level.
• NEUROPHYSIOLOGY :- is the study of how the
nervous system functions.
• EMBRYOLOGY:- study of the structures that
emerge from the time of the fertilized egg through
the 8th week in uterus.
• SURFACE ANATOMY:- study of anatomical
landmarks on the surface of the body through
visualization and palpation.
• SYSTEMIC ANATOMY:- Deals with the structures
that can be examined without using a microscope.
• GROSS ANATOMY:- Deals with the structures of
specific systems of the body, such as the nervous
or respiratory.
• PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY:- Deals with the
structural changes associated with disease.
• A TISSUE :-is a group of similar cells performing a
common function. Muscle tissue, for example,
consists of muscle cells.
• AN ORGAN:- is a group of different kinds of tissues
working together to perform a particular activity.
The heart is an organ composed of muscle,
nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues.
• AN ORGAN SYSTEM:- is two or more organs
working together to accomplish a particular task.
The digestive system, for example, involves the
coordinated activities of many organs, including the
mouth, stomach, small and large intestines,
pancreas, and liver.
• AN ORGANISM:- is a system possessing the
characteristics of living things—the ability to
obtain and process energy, the ability to respond
to environmental changes, and the ability to
reproduce.
• SUPERIOR:-Above another structure.
• INFERIOR:-Below another structure.
• ANTERIOR/VENTRAL:-Toward the front of the
body.
• POSTERIOR/DORSAL:-Toward the back of the
body.
• MEDIAL:-Toward the midline of the body. (The
midline divides the body into equal right and left
sides.)
• LATERAL:-Away from the midline of the body
(or toward the side of the body).
• IPSILATERAL:-On the same side of the body.
• CONTRALATERAL:-On opposite sides of the
body.
• INTERMEDIATE:-Between two structures.
• PROXIMAL:-Closer to the point of attachment of
a limb.
• DISTAL:-Farther from the point of attachment of
a limb.
• SUPERFICIAL:-Toward the surface of the body.
• DEEP:-Away from the surface of the body.
• FORAMEN:- an opening or hole for nerve
or muscle passage.
• PROCESS:- A projecting part of an organ
• RIDGE:- A raised sharp line or area.
• CREST:- An edge on the upper part.
• PROTUBERANCE:- A raised forward
area.
 THE END.

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