Mass Storage Devices

Non-Volatile
 Non-Volatile
Memory
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
 Is an electromechanical data storage.
 Is a device that uses magnetic storage to store and
retrieve digital information using one or more rigid
rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with
magnetic material.
 It has a moving arm that read and write the
information from the platters.
 It has a higher power consumption.
 There are HDDs of 3.5 and 2.5 inch sizes.
 Its speed is measured on Revolutions Per Minute
(RPM), the most common speeds are 4,800 –
5,400 – 7,200 – 10,000 – 15,000 rpm.
 Uses the AHCI technology to improve the read and
write process.
Solid State Drive (SSD)
 Storage device that uses integrated circuit
assemblies as memory to store data.
 Compared with electromechanical drives,
SSDs are typically more resistant to
physical shock, run silently, have quicker
access time and lower latency.
 SSDs have no moving mechanical
components.
 More expensive than HDDs.
 Most SSDs use 3D TLC NAND-based flash
memory.
 Faster than the HDD.
 Typically uses NVMe technology to
improve its performance.
Solid State Hybrid Drive (SSHD)

 It combines a faster storage medium such as

solid-state drive (SSD) with a higher-capacity
hard disk drive (HDD).
 The purpose of the SSD in a hybrid drive is to act
as a cache for the data stored on the HDD,
improving the overall performance.
 Not very common to find them on now days
systems.
 Security Digital (SD) Card

► An SD card or a Security Digital card is a

device used store additional amounts of data.
► It’s used for mobile devices such as cameras
and smart phones.
► Storage capacity from 1 MB to 128 TB.
► It can be found in different sizes like the
standard SD Card (blue), miniSD Card
(green), microSD Card (red).
► Transfer speeds:
► 12.5 MByte/s (standard bus)
► 25 MByte/s (high-speed bus)
► 50 or 104 MByte/s (UHS-I bus)
► 156 or 312 MByte/s (UHS-II bus)
Interface Types
 SATA
Serial AT Attachment

 Connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives,
optical drives, and solid-state drives.
 Revision 1.0 - 1.5 Gbit/s, 1 meter.
 Revision 2.0 - 3.0 Gbit/s, 1 meter.
 Revision 3.0 - 6.0 Gbit/s, 1 meter.
 eSATA
 Matches the associated SATA revision.
SATA
Serial AT Attachment
 SAS
Serial Attached SCSI

 SAS-1: 3.0 Gbit/s, introduced in 2004.

 SAS-2: 6.0 Gbit/s, available since February
2009.
 SAS-3: 12.0 Gbit/s, available since March
2013.
Storage Technologies
Storage Technologies

NAND Flash Memory

 NAND flash memory is a type of nonvolatile storage technology that does not require power to retain
data. An important goal of NAND flash development has been to reduce the cost per bit and to increase
maximum chip capacity so that flash memory can compete with magnetic storage devices, such as
hard disks.
SLC MLC TLC
Single-Level Cell Multi-Level Cell Triple-Level Cell
► SLC was the first type of NAND readily ► MLC contains two bits of data per cell ► TLC contains three bits of data
available on SSDs (primarily and hosts four voltage levels. per cell and hosts eight voltage
enterprise). ► This means the cost-per-GB can be levels.
► It's known for high endurance, reduced because less physical hardware ► As it can store more bits per cell
performance, and its unattainable price is required to store more data, resulting it storage capacity is bigger that
for consumers. in the affordable SSDs we've got on the the SLC and MLC, also it is
► SLC devices heavily dominate the market today.  cheaper.
enterprise market where high-reliability
and uptime are critical to success (web
servers, database servers).
3D NAND

 3D NAND flash offers the

potential for higher capacity in a
smaller physical space than 2D
NAND.
 In comparison to planar NAND,
3D NAND can lower the cost per
gigabyte, improve electrical use to
reduce power consumption, boost
reliability, and provide higher data
write performance.
Advanced Host
Controller Interface
(AHCI)
 Is a hardware mechanism that allows
software to communicate with Serial ATA
(SATA) devices that are designed to offer
features not offered by Parallel ATA
(PATA) controllers, such as hot-plugging
and native command queuing (NCQ).
 Native Command Queuing (NCQ) is an
extension of the Serial ATA protocol
allowing hard disk drives to internally
optimize the order in which received read
and write commands are executed.
Hot-swappable

 Hot-swappable is the capability of

being able to disconnect and
connect devices while the computer
or another device is on and have
those devices be detected without
having to reboot the computer
or device.
 For example, eSATA, FireWire, and
USB are examples of interfaces that
are hot-swappable on computers.
NVM
Express (NVMe)
 Non-Volatile Memory Host
Controller Interface Specification
(NVMHCIS).
 This technology is used for
accessing non-volatile storage
media attached via a PCI Express
(PCIe) bus.
 Advantages of NVMe over AHCI
relate to its ability to exploit
parallelism in host hardware and
software.
 65536 commands per queue.
Intel® Optane™
Memory
  Intel® Optane™ Memory is a
system acceleration solution for
new 7th and 8th Gen Intel® Core™
processor platforms.
 3D Xpoint Memory Technology
(Intel & Micron).
 Low latency compared to the
normal SSD.
 Faster than the average SSD.
Optical Drives
Optical Drives
 Compact Disc (CD):
 Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical
disc data storage format that was co-
developed by Philips and Sony and
released in 1982.
 Was originally developed to store and
play only sound recordings (CD-DA)
but was later adapted for storage of data
(CD-ROM).
 Several other formats were further
derived from these, including write-once
audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable
media (CD-RW).
 Capacity: Typically up to 700 MebiByte
(up to 80 minutes audio).
 Optical Drives
 Digital Video Disc (DVD):
• Is a digital optical disc storage format invented and
developed in 1995.
• The medium can store any kind of digital data and
is widely used for software and other computer
files as well as video programs watched using DVD
players.
• DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact
discs while having the same dimensions.
• Capacity:
 4.7 GB (single-sided, single-layer – common).
 8.5 GB (single-sided, double-layer).
 9.4 GB (double-sided, single-layer).
 17.08 GB (double-sided, double-layer).
 Optical Drives
 Blu-ray Disc (BD):
 Is a digital optical disc data storage format.
It was designed to supersede the DVD
format, and is capable of storing several
hours of video in high-definition (HDTV
720p and 1080p) and ultra high-definition
resolution (2160p).
 The main application of Blu-ray is as a
medium for video material such as feature
films and for the physical distribution of
video games for the PlayStation 3,
PlayStation 4, and Xbox One.
Optical Disc Drive

 In computing, an optical disc drive

(ODD) is a disc drive that uses
laser light or electromagnetic
waves within or near the visible
light spectrum as part of the
process of reading or writing data
to or from optical discs.
 Some drives can only read from
certain discs, but recent drives can
both read and record, also called
burners or writers.
RAID
Redundant Array of
Independent Disk
What is a
RAID?
 Is a data storage
virtualization technology
that combines multiple
physical disk drive
components into one or
more logical units for the
purposes of data
redundancy, performance
improvement, or both.
RAID 0

 Striping.
 Requires minimum of 2 drives.
 Improves performance, however, does not
provides redundancy.
 Fault tolerance: 0 drives.
 The capacity of a RAID 0 volume is the
same; it is sum of the capacities of the disks
in the set.
 The benefit of RAID 0 is that the throughput
of read and write operations to any file is
multiplied by the number of disks because,
unlike spanned volumes, reads and writes
are done concurrently, and the cost is
complete vulnerability to drive failures.
RAID 1

 Mirroring.
 Requires minimum of 2 drives.
 Data is written identically to two
drives, thereby producing a
"mirrored set" of drives.
 Fault tolerance: 1 Drive.
RAID 10

 Also called RAID 1 + 0.
 Requires minimum of 4 drives.
 Provides performance from the
RAID 0 and redundancy from the
RAID 1.
 Theoretical fault tolerance of 2
disks (depending on which disks
fail).
RAID 5

 Striping with Parity.

 Upon failure of a single drive,
subsequent reads can be calculated
from the distributed parity such
that no data is lost.
 Requires minimum of 3 drives.
 Fault tolerance: 1 Drive.
Hardware RAID vs.
Software RAID
 Hardware RAID:
• In a hardware RAID setup, the
drives connect to a special RAID
controller inserted in a fast PCI-
Express (PCI-e) slot in a
motherboard.
 Software RAID:
• When storage drives are connected
directly to the motherboard without a
RAID controller, RAID
configuration is managed by utility
software in the operating system, and
thus referred to as a software RAID
setup.
Hot-Spare Drive
What is a hot spare?
• A hot spare, also called a hot standby, is a
backup component that can be placed into
service immediately when a primary
component fails. The adjective "hot" means
that the backup component (which can be
hardware or software) can replace the
primary component without shutting the
system down.
► The Global Hot Spare function enables hot spare
disks to be used for any RAID group on the
system.
► The Dedicated Hot Spare function enables hot
spare disks to be used only on a specific RAID
volume.