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FEM 3101
Developmental Psychology : Children and
Adolescents

Career
Development

SEMESTER 2 (2019/2020)

DR. NELLIE BINTI ISMAIL

nellie@upm.edu.my/03-97697081
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Beginning of Career Choice

 Career choice begin early:

 Personal experience:
 Watching parents/neighbours
 Adult conversation
 Role play
 Temporary/part-time work
 Early experience  adolescent learn  will continue
developing career towards their interest.
 However  career choice may change with maturity.
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Stages in Career Development

 A child starts to think what they want to be when they grow up

and will continue until 24 yrs old.
 3 Stages:
 Pre adolescent period:
 Career choice are based on fantasy & excitement.
 Early & middle adolescent:
 Choice of career change according to their interest, ability
and their values.
 Late adolescent & early adult :
 Ableto make a correct choice according to own ability,
experience and knowledge.
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Stages in Career Development

 Preadolescent period Career choice are

based on:
 Fantasy/Dream
 Excitement/Adventure
Not on their ability
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Stages in Career Development

 Early & middle adolescent  choice of career

change according to their interest, ability and their
values.
 Late adolescent & early adult  able to make a
correct choice according to own ability, experience
and knowledge.
 Choice of career are more clearer and
establish after succeeded entering
college/higher learning institutions.
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Theories
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Theories in Career
Choice/Development

Ginzberg Holland
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Ginzberg’s Career Choice Theory

 Ginzberg
(1972) suggested 3 stages people
move through in choosing a career.
 Fantasy (11 years old & below)
 Tentative (11-17 years old)
 Realistic (17/18 & above)
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Stage 1: Fantasy

 Choice of career (ambitions) are made based

on:
 Excitement & interesting
 Emotions & not practicality
 Child perceptions

* Fantasy period – the period of life when

career choices are made – and discarded –
without regard to skills, abilities, or available job
opportunities
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Stage 2: Tentative

 Focus  on self
 Career choice based on 4 aspects:
 Interest (11-12 years old)
 Capacity (13-14 years old)
 Values (15-16 years old)
 Transition (16-17 years old)
 Early adolescent  interest play a major role but as they grow
older  more matured  start thinking about their ability.
 Integration between interest and ability  from the value system.
*Tentative period- the second stage which spans adolescence, in
which people begin to think in pragmatic terms about the
requirements of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit
with those requirements
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Stage 3: Realistic

 Focus on career opportunity and market demand.

 Starts reviewing their aspiration, needs & interest, their ability
and occupational work demand.
 Choice are also made based on:
 Experience & achievement so far
 Family influences
 Personal job influence
 Realistic period – the stage in late adolescence and early
adulthood during which people can explore career options
through job experience or training, narrow their choices, and
eventually make a commitment to career
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JOHN
HOLLAND
Theory of Career
Choice
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John Holland Personality–Type Theory

 According to Holland (1959):

 Individual personality influences a person choice
of career .
6 types of basic personalities  6 types of basic
occupations.
 Only certain types of occupation suits a specific
personality.
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John Holland Theory of Career
Choice

 Personalities
& basic
environment:
R - Realistic
I - Investigative
A - Artistic
S - Social
E - Enterprising
C - Conventional
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John Holland Theory of Career
Choice

 Realistic – down-to earth, practical problem solvers, physically

strong, mediocre social skills
 Intellectual/Investigative – theoretical and abstract
orientation, not particularly good with people
 Artistic – use art to express themselves and prefer the world
of art to interactions with people
 Social – verbal skills and interpersonal relations are strong,
good at working with people
 Enterprising – risk takers and take-charge types, good leaders
 Conventional – prefer highly structured tasks
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Holland’s Personality-Job Fit Theory

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John Holland Theory of Career
Choice

Suits

Type of Potential
YOUR type of
Suitable JOB to
PERSONALITY
ENVIRONMENT SUCCEED
Suits

• Realistic • Realistic
• Investigative • Investigative
• Artistic • Artistic
• Social • Social
• Enterprising • Enterprising
• Conventional • Conventional
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Realistic

 Prefer job in an
Individual Type of objective environment
Characteristic Occupation  does not involve
good communication
skills, involves physical
• Mechanical • Mechanic & related to technical
• Aggressive • Rangers and farming.
• Strong/athletic • Carpenter  Fav. Type of work
• Stubborn • Farmers
characteristics  relate
• Stern • Contractors to machine, equipment,
• Athletics nature & athletic.
 Not interested in work
related to social.
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Investigative/Intellectual

 Like to investigate 
Individual Type of
Characteristic suitable to an abstract
Occupation
type of occupation,
intellectual and
scientific.
• Clever • Mathematicians
• Analytical • Chemist  Not interested in
• Independent • Biologist enterprising type of
• Rational • Physicist work.
• Curious
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Artistic

 Suitable in an artistic
 arts and designing
Individual environment  able to
Type of
Characteristic Occupation express their
creativity.
 Not interested in
conventional type of
• Independent • Musician
work.
• Creative • Artist/sculpture
• Non-conformist • Dancer/singer
• Abstract • Acting
• Idealistic • Others 
related to art
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Social

 Prefer job related to the

social, administrative or
Individual Type of treating environment 
Characteristic Occupation ability in communication
and interpersonal
relationship.
• Cooperative • Teaching  Not interested in realistic
• Tolerant • Counselor type of occupation.
• Social • Social work
• Empathy • Psychologist/
• Understanding psychiatrist
• Nurse/doctor
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Enterprising

 Suitable in an
adventurous,
Individual Type of energizing and
Characteristic Occupation challenging work
environment.
• Coherent • Sales person  Have an empowering
• Aggressive • Politician and extrovert
• Ambitious • Businessman personality, and loves
• Confidence • Legal/law power.
• Controlling • Evangelism  Not interested in
realistic type of work
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Conventional

 Career choice 
Individual involve community
Type of
Characteristic Occupation support but does not
involve lot of thinking
 Suitable in concrete
• Specific/precise • Accountant and predictable
• Orderly • Proof-reader envirobnment.
• Practical • Statistician  Prefer routine and
• Efficient • Secretary structural type of
• Careful work.
 Not interested in artistic
type of work.