Kinetic Theory of Particles

S. Staron 2-11
 K:
i) differences between each state of matter in
terms of the particle movements, positions,
volume, compressibility
ii) kinetic theory of particle
U:
i) changes in energy cause the changes in the
Lesson state of matter
ii) changes in energy affects the particles
Objectives D:
i) explain the nature of the particles using the
when there change in state of matter
ii) practice on conceptual questions.
 KINETIC THEORY OF PARTICLES
ALL PARTICLES
Kinetic – comes from (ATOMS OR
Greek word meaning “to MOLECULES)OF
move” MATTER ARE IN
Kinetic Energy – energy CONSTANT MOTION!
object has due to its motion http://www.chem.purdue.e
du/gchelp/atoms/states.ht
ml

http://www.media.pearson.
com.au/schools/cw/au_sch
_whalley_sf1_1/int/matter.
html
 The Kinetic Theory states that
the tiny particles in all forms
of matter are in constant
motion.

The This theory is used to explain

Kinetic the behaviors common
among gases
Theory There are 3 basic assumptions
made by the Kinetic Theory
as it applies to gases.
 Separation Between Particles

Gases Liquids Solids

separation between particles are still far apart particles are so close that
particles is very large but now they are close the forces of attraction
compared to their size enough that attractive confine the material to a
there are no attractive or forces confine the material specific shape.
repulsive forces between to the shape of its container
the molecules
 USING THE KINETIC THEORY TO EXPLAIN
BEHAVIOR OF MATTER
Gases Liquid
1. Particles in
1. Particles can flow to new
constant, random
motion – allows locations
gas to fill container 2. Force of attraction between
2. Motion of particles particles keeps them close
unaffected by other
particles unless Solid
collision
1. Particles vibrate around fixed
3. Forces of attraction locations due to stronger forces
between particles
can be ignored
of attraction between particles
Each particle is in constant motion
Gases: the movement of the particles is assumed to
be random and free
Particles are in
Liquids: the movement is somewhat constrained by
the volume of the liquid Constant Motion
Solids: the motion of the particles is severely
constrained to a small area, in order for the solid to
maintain its shape.

The velocity of each particle determines its kinetic

energy.
Collisions Transfer Energy

The numerous particles often collide with each other.

If a gas or liquid is confined in a container, the

particles collide with the particles that make up the
walls of a container.
 Temperature
Faster moving particles -
Temperature of an object a higher
or collection of matter is • temperature.
the average kinetic
energy of the particles.

A thermometer is used to
measure the temperature
• Puts it into temperature
degrees instead of kinetic
energy units.
 Compare average KE of particles in 3 states
of matter?
For a Given Substance:
Solid: low KE, slower speed, vibrate around fixed locations
Why? Particles “stuck” due to forces of attraction between particles

Liquid: greater KE than solid  greater speed  not “stuck” in

place so can flow to new locations
Forces of attraction? Still there but not as strong

Gas: greater KE than liquid  even greater speed  particles can

spread out far from each other
Forces of attraction? Very weak (can be ignored)
 •Energy is ABSORBED by
the system from the
surroundings 
How is one Endothermic Process
state •Energy is RELEASED by
changed into the system to the
another? surroundings 
Exothermic Process
This change in the state of matter is called a
PHASE CHANGE
 States of Matter
State Movement speed Position
Gas Fast All over
(500 – 1000 m/s) “Bumper cars”

Liquid Slower than in a gas Slide around each other

(~200 m/s) (Hallway full of people)
 
Solid No change of position Stay in one place
A. Crystalline solid (crystal) Vibrate in place A. Orderly arrangement
B. Amorphous solid (glass) B. Not very ordered

BEC Vibrate in place So close they act as one

Bose-Einstein Condensate big atom/molecule
VERY cold!

Plasma Extremely fast – All over

so much energy that “Bumper cars”
electrons come off
 States of Matter

http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?sim=Gas_Properties
 Gas
Separation between particles
is very large compared
to their size
There are no attractive or
Large repulsive forces between
the molecules

Separation Liquid
Particles are still far apart,
but now are close enough
Between that attractive forces confine
the material to the shape of
Particles its container
Solid
Particles are so close that
the forces of attraction
confine the material to a
specific shape.