ENGLISH I

Ingeniero Jesús Paguaga

Cel: 96940147

paguagajesus@gmail.com
 INDICATIONS FOR THE CLASS
• Be punctual
• Be responsible
• Webcam always on
• No distractions (cellphones, series, games)
INTRODUCTIONS
 THE VERB «BE»

BE is the most important verb in the English language. It is

used as a main verb and as an auxiliary verb, and it is also used
in the passive voice. BE is the only English verb that has three
conjugations in the simple present (am | are | is). All other
verbs have just two conjugations. BE is also the only verb that
has two conjugations in the simple past (was | were). All other
verbs have only one past tense conjugation.
THE VERB «BE» (PRESENT)
 NOUNS
A noun is a word for a person, place, or thing. Everything we can
see or talk about is represented by a word that names it. That
"naming" word is called a noun.

Often a noun will be the name for something we can touch

(e.g., lion, cake, computer), but sometimes a noun will be the name
for something we cannot touch (e.g., bravery, mile, joy).
 EXAMPLES OF NOUNS
People: soldier, Alan, cousin, lawyer

Animals: aardvark, rat, shark, Mickey

Places: house, London, factory, shelter

Things: table, London Bridge, chisel, nitrogen, month, inch, cooking

Ideas: confusion, kindness, faith, Theory of Relativity, joy

 COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS
A noun can be categorized as either a common noun or a proper
noun.
Common Noun: A common noun is the word used for a class of
person, place, or thing (e.g., person, city, dog).

Proper Noun: A proper noun is the given name of a person, place,

or thing, i.e., its own name (e.g., Michael, New York, Rover).
(Note: A proper noun always starts with a capital letter.)
 COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS
Common Noun Proper Noun
boy David
sailor Adam
lawyer Sarah
mother-in-law Janice
town Milton Keynes
bridge The Golden Gate Bridge
tower Eifel Tower
street Honeysuckle Crescent
cat Fido
monkey Bonzo
 COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS

A common noun answers the question

"What is it?"
A proper noun answers the question
"What's its name?"
PLURAL AND SINGULAR NOUNS
Most of the nouns are made plural by adding an 's':

pen – pens pencil – pencils book – books file - files

Nouns ending with s, ss, z, zz, x, ch, sh, and tch are
made plural by adding "es" to the singular form:

wish – wishes watch – watches fox – foxes bus -

buses
 PLURAL AND SINGULAR NOUNS
If a noun's singular form ends with a consonant plus y,
you must change the y to I and then add "es":

baby - babies
candy - candies
sky - skies
spy - spies
 PLURAL AND SINGULAR NOUNS
If the noun ends in F or Fe, change F or FE to V, and add
- ES.
Knife – Knives
Wife – Wives
Thief – Thieves
Shelf - Shelves
 PLURAL AND SINGULAR NOUNS

Some Irregular Plural Forms:

man - men
woman - women
foot - feet
tooth - teeth
child - children
medium- media
 Plural and Singular Statements with BE
a. A library is a useful building. Libraries are useful
buildings.

b. She is a clever girl. They are clever girls.

c. Is it a new shelf? Are they new shelves?

d. Are these boys hungry? Is this boy hungry?

e. He is a worker. They are workers.

 Contractions
A contraction is a word made by shortening and combining two
words. Words like can't (can + not), don't (do + not), and I've (I +
have) are all contractions.

All contractions include a punctuation mark that looks like this:

 Contractions
This is an apostrophe. (´)

The apostrophe replaces any letters that are in the original words,

but that aren't in the contraction.
Examples:
Can not -> Can´t
I am -> I’m
You are -> You´re
 Contractions
This is an apostrophe. (´)

The apostrophe replaces any letters that are in the original words,

but that aren't in the contraction.
Examples:
Can not -> Can´t
I am -> I’m
You are -> You´re
 Possessive Nouns
We add 's to singular nouns to show possession:

We are having a party at John's house.

Michael drove his friend's car.

We add ' to plural nouns ending in -s:

This is my parents' house.
Those are ladies' shoes.
 Possessive Nouns
But we use 's with irregular plural nouns:

These are men's shoes.
Children's clothes are very expensive.
 Pronouns
A pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that is used as a
substitution for a noun or noun phrase, which is known as the
pronoun’s antecedent. Pronouns are short words and can do
everything that nouns can do and are one of the building blocks of a
sentence. Common pronouns are he, she, you, me, I, we, us, this,
them, that. 
 Subject Pronouns
Examples of Pronouns
Billy, Caren, and I were playing poker with friends
 We were playing poker with friends.

Ellie loves watching movies.

She loves watching movies.
 
 Types of questions
In English, there are two main types of questions which are:

Yes / No Questions

Wh – Questions
 
 Yes / No Questions
Yes / No questions are made, using the verb (am, is, are, was, were,
have, had, do, does, did, can, will, should etc.) at the beginning of a
sentence. Namely, subject and verb change their position in
statement and question.

Example:
He is a big dog - Is he a big dog?
R:// Yes, he is. // No, he is not.
 Yes / No Questions
Sentence Question

I am a doctor. Am I a doctor?

He is from England. Is he from England?

We are happy. Are we happy?

She was ready. Was she ready?

They were the same. Were they the same?

Yes / No Questions
 Adjectives
An adjective is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun (the name
of a thing or a place).

Examples:
- She is a great student
- He is a terrible singer
- They are good friends.
 Articles «A» and «An»
In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used
before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective.
The indefinite article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or
when its identity is not known.

A: before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound)

An:  before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound
 Articles «A» and «An»
Examples:
A boy An apple A homework
An owl An artwok A picture

An unhappy boy A red apple A big homework

A huge owl A peperoni pizza A great picture
 The definite article «The»
• The definite article the is the same for all genders in singular and in plural.
• the boy
• the girl
• the cat
• the computers
• If the following word begins with a consonant, we speak [ðə], if the following
word begins with a vowel, we speak [ði:].
 The definite article «The»
• The definite article is not used in:
• 1. general words (indefinite)
• Life is too short.
• I like flowers.
• 2. names of persons on the singular, relatives
• Peter and John live in London.
• Aunt Mary lives in Los Angeles.
 The definite article «The»
• 3. public buildings, institutions, means of transport (indefinite)
• Mandy doesn't like school.
• We go to school by bus.
• Some people go to church on Sundays.
• 4. names of countries in the singular, summits of mountains, continents, towns
• Germany
• France
• Mount Whitney
 The definite article «The»
• 5. single islands
• Corfu
• Bermuda
• Sicily
 The definite article «The»
• The definite article is used in:
• 1. general words (definite)
• I've read a book on the life of Bill Clinton.
• I like the flowers in your garden.
• 2. family names in the plural
• The Smiths live in Chicago.
 The definite article «The»
• The definite article is used in:
• 3. public buildings, institutions, means of transport (definite)
• The school that Mandy goes to is old.
• The bus to Dresden leaves at 7.40.
• The round church in Klingenthal is famous.
 The definite article «The»
• The definite article is used in:
• 4. names of countries in the plural, mountain ranges, regions
• the United States of America
• the Netherlands
• the Highlands
 The definite article «The»
• The definite article is used in:
• 5. groups of islands
• the Bahamas
• the British Isles
• the Canaries
 The definite article «The»
• The definite article is used in:
• 6. names with of-phrase, names in plural, well-known buildings, oceans,
seas, rivers, musical instruments, newspaperst
• the Statue of Liberty
• the Tower (of London)
• the Great Lakes
• .
 The definite article «The»
• The definite article is used in:
• 7. months, days of the week (definite)I always remember 
• the Monday when I had an accident.
• The August of 2001 was hot and dry.
•
 Posessive Pronouns

• Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to

someone. The possessive pronouns are my, our, your,
his, her, its, and their. There’s also an “independent”
form of each of these pronouns: mine, ours, yours, his,
hers, its, and theirs. Possessive pronouns are never
spelled with apostrophes.
 Posessive Pronouns

• Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to

someone. The possessive pronouns are my, our, your,
his, her, its, and their. There’s also an “independent”
form of each of these pronouns: mine, ours, yours, his,
hers, its, and theirs. Possessive pronouns are never
spelled with apostrophes.
 Posessive Pronouns

• I – My We - Our
• You – Your They - Their
• He – His
• She – Her
• It – Its
 Posessive Pronouns

• Her shirt is red. - Catherine’s shirt is red

• My book is big.
• Their food is hot. -> Carlos and Jhon’s food is hot
• Its collar is shiny. -> Scott’s collar is shiny.
• Our house is across the street.
 Questions with «What»

We can use what to ask for information about things

and actions:

What + verb to be + possessive pronoun + noun

What is his name?
What is her email adress
What is their phone number
 Questions with «Where»

We can use where to ask for information about place:

Where is Dina’s house?

Where is the bus station?
Where is the hospital?
 Questions with «When»

We can use when to ask for information about what

time something happens:

When is the meeting?

When is the test?
When are the competitions?
 Questions with «Who»

We use who to ask about people:

Who is the student?

Who is the worker?
Who is the man in black?
 Questions with «Who»

We use who to ask about people:

Who is the student?

Who is the worker?
Who is the man in black?
 Prepositions

A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns,

or phrases to other words within a sentence. They act
to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a
sentence.  Prepositions are usually short words, and
they are normally placed directly in front of nouns. In
some cases, you’ll find prepositions in front of gerund
verbs.
 Prepositions

Types of Prepositions:
-Prepositions of time
-Prepositions of place
-Other Prepositions
 Prepositions

Prepositions of time
A preposition of time is a preposition that allows you
to discuss a specific time period such as a date on the
calendar, one of the days of the week, or the actual
time something takes place.
 Prepositions

At – This preposition of time is used to discuss clock

times, holidays and festivals, and other very specific
time frames including exceptions, such as “at night.”
Examples:
1. I have a meeting at 9am.
2. The shop closes at midnight.
3. Jane went home at lunchtime
 Prepositions

In – This preposition of time is used to discuss

months, seasons, years, centuries, general times of
day, and longer periods of time such as “in the past.”
Examples:
1. In England, it often snows in December.
2. Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
3. There should be a lot of progress in the next
century.
 Prepositions

On – This preposition of time is used to discuss

certain days of the week or portions of days of the
week, specific dates, and special days.
Examples:
1. Do you work on Mondays?
2. Her birthday is on 20 November.
3. Where will you be on New Year's Day?
 Prepositions

Remember
We use:
at for a PRECISE TIME
in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG
PERIODS
on for DAYS and DATES
 Prepositions

Prepositions of place
A preposition of place is a preposition which is used
to refer to a place where something or someone is
located. There are only three prepositions of place,
however they can be used to discuss an almost
endless number of places
 Prepositions

At – A preposition of place which is used to discuss a

certain point
Examples:
1. Jessie waited for Jim at the corner.
2. The mall is located at the intersection of Main
Street and Third Avenue.
3. We spent a quiet evening at home.
 Prepositions

In – A preposition of place which is used to discuss

an enclosed space
Examples:
1. I’m growing tomatoes in my garden.
2. Marie was born in Paris, France.
3. I was so tired that I took a nap in the car
 Prepositions

On – A preposition of time which is used to discuss a

surface
Examples:
1. Please place the bouquet on the table.
2. I really wish you would stop throwing your dirty
clothes on the floor.
 Prepositions

in the newspaper in a house

in a cup in a drawer
in a bottle in a bag
in bed in a car
in London in England
in a book in a pub
 Prepositions

on the table on the wall

on the floor on the window
on my face on a plate
on the page on the sofa
on a chair on a bag
on the river on a t-shirt
 Prepositions

at the airport at the door

at the table at the bus stop
at the cinema at the top
at the bottom at the pub
at the traffic lights at the front
at the back at school
• from •who gave it •a present from Jane
• of Other Prepositions
•who/what does it belong to
•what does it show
•a page of the book
•the picture of a palace
• by •who made it •a book by Mark Twain
• on •walking or riding on •on foot, on horseback
horseback •get on the bus
•entering a public transport
vehicle
• in •entering a car  / Taxi •get in the car
• off •leaving a public transport •get off the train
vehicle
• out of •leaving a car  / Taxi •get out of the taxi
• by •rise or fall of something •prices have risen by 10
•travelling (other than walking percent
or horseriding) •by car, by bus
• at •for age •she learned Russian at 45
• about •for topics, meaning what •we were talking about you
about
 Action Verbs

An action verb is a verb that expresses physical or

mental action.
The action verb tells us what the subject of our
clause or sentence is doing-physically or mentally.
 Action Verbs

To find an action verb:

1) Find the word in the sentence that is something
someone or something can do.
2) Remember that the action can be physical or
mental.
 Action Verbs

The action verbs are underlined.

1) Sam and Eric ride the bus to school each morning.
2) Jan wants a horse for her birthday.
3) Ian reads a chapter in his book each night.
4) Do you think it will rain today?
5) I believe in fairies and unicorns.
6) Will you help me with my homework?
 Making sentences with verbs

we add “s”, “es” or “ies” at the end of the verb

I run
You run
He/she/it runs
We run
You run
They run
 Making sentences with verbs

1- we add “es” to the end of the verb that has

a sibilant sound – ss, ch, x, tch, sh, zz
Push-> pushes Fix-> Fixes
Catch-> catches Confess-> confesses
Buzz-> buzzes Finish-> finishes
 Making sentences with verbs

2 – We change “y” to “ies” if the verb ends

in consonant+y

Cry-> cries* Hurry-> hurries*

Fly-> flies* Imply-> implies*
Try-> tries*
 Making sentences with verbs

3 – We add “es” to the verbs ending with “o”

Go-> goes Do-> does

 The Imperative

The imperative is used to give commands and orders.

The form of the verb used for the imperative is
the base form of the main verb, which is used
without a subject.
 The Imperative

The uses of the imperative are as follows:

1. to give an order.
Go away.
Stop that.
Keep quiet.
 The Imperative

2. to give instructions:

Don’t use this spray near a naked flame.

Apply the glue thinly and leave it for ten minutes.
 The Imperative

3. to give advice or warnings:

Don’t forget to take your passport with you.

Be careful!
Don’t go on the ice.
 The Imperative

4. to make an offer or an invitation:

Have a piece of cake.

Come round and see me some time.