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EEG Presentation
EEG Presentation
EEG
Electro-encephalogram:
Representation of the bio-potentials
generated by the brain.
Electro-encephalography:
Instruments to record these bio-
potentials.
How it started:
The Invention of the EEG
In 1929, the German psychiatrist Hans Berger announced
something unexpected and revolutionary: the human brain is
continuously electrically active. This was the beginning of
the EEG, which was a method Berger invented to
graphically record this electrical activity on paper.
ELECTRODES:
Surface,Pad,silver.
EEG Measurements
An EEG is a recording of electrical signals from the
brain made by hooking up electrodes to the patient's
scalp.
These electrodes pick up electric signals naturally
produced by the brain and send them to galvanometers
(instruments that detect and measure small electric
currents)
Galvanometers are in turn hooked up to pens, under
which graph paper moves continuously. The pens trace
the signals onto the graph paper.
EEG- Measurements
Scalp electrodes are used to record the
electroencephalogram (EEG) using a machine called
an electroencephalograph.
This record is the result of the activity of thousands
of neurons in the brain.
The pattern of activity changes with the level of a
person's arousal
If a person is relaxed, then the EEG has many
slow waves
If a person is excited, then the EEG has many
fast waves.
Electrode Placement
Standard: 10-20 electrode placement is used.
Devised by an committee of the International
Federation of Societies for Electroencephalography.
The "10" and "20" refer to the 10% or 20%
interelectrode distance.
The electrode spacing is based on intervals of 10
and 20 percent of the distance between specified
points on the scalp.
Electrode Board/Head box has 23 jacks for 21 active
electrodes,2 reference electrodes and a ground
electrode.
LOBES
Frontal- Front part of the brain which contains
primary motor neurons.
Pre-frontal: Forward part contains neurons for
specified motor control functions like eye movement.
Parietal: Somatic inputs e.g heat,smell,fingers,tongue
and arms etc lead to this part.
Occipital- Very back of the head and is responsible
for mapping of the patterns obtained in retina in
geographic representation.
Electrode Placement
Electrode Placement
Each point on this figure to the left indicates a possible
electrode position.
Each site has a letter (to identify the lobe) and a number
or another letter to identify the hemisphere location.
The letters F, T, C, P, and O stand for Frontal,
Temporal, Central, Parietal and Occipital. (Note that there
is no "central lobe", but this is just used for identification
purposes.)
Even numbers (2,4,6,8) refer to the right hemisphere
Odd numbers (1,3,5,7) refer to the left hemisphere.
The z refers to an electrode placed on the midline.
Electrode Placement
EEG ARTIFACTS
The amplitude of noise should be the least w.r.t
biological signal.
SYMPTOMS:
Fuzziness or thickness of the trace,sudden large
changes in voltage or repetitive sharp sawtoothed
waveforms.
CAUSES:-
EMI from power lin etc.
Faulty electrode application.
Patient movement.
Muscle artifacts.(from gritting teeth or restlessness.
Blinking of eyes.
EEG-Block Diagram
Lo-Linear
Balance Bridge Differential Pre 50Hz And
Type Differential Amp Hi-Linear
stage AMP Filter Filter
Power
Amp
Electrode Recording
The recording is obtained by placing electrodes on
the scalp,
Application of a conductive gel to reduce
resistance.(To reduce interference and minimize the
effect of electrode movement.)
Each electrode is connected to an input of a
differential amplifier (one amplifier per pair of
electrodes), which amplifies the voltage between
them (typically 1,000–100,000 times,
Electrode-Amplifier
EEG machines use a differential amplifier to produce each
channel or trace of activity.
Each amplifier has two inputs.
An electrode is connected to each of the inputs.
Differential Amplifier
Measure the voltage difference between the two
signals at each of its inputs.
The resulting signal is amplified and then
displayed as a channel of EEG activity.
Montage
The manner in which pairs of electrodes
are connected to each amplifier of the EEG
machine is called a montage.
Each montage will use one of the
following standard recording derivations,
Monopolar derivation
Bipolar derivation
Monopolar Recording
Common reference derivation
Each amplifier records the difference between a
scalp electrode and a reference electrode.
The same reference electrode is used for all
channels.
Reference electrode placed somewhere along the
scalp midline, or a reference that links both earlobe
electrodes.
Bipolar Recording
The electrodes are connected in series to an equal
number of amplifiers.
Electrodes linked together usually in straight lines
from the front to the back of the head or transversely
across the head.
Example, amplifier 1 measures the difference between
electrodes A and B, amplifier 2 measures the difference
between B and C, and so on.
EEG MACHINE
3. Stop/Chart/Chart-pen:-
In STOP position the recording pens and the
paper pulling mechanism are stationary.
CHART position- paper moves without pen
deflection.
CHART-Pen position the pen writes on the
moving paper.
4. Pen lifter- This is a rotary knob which lifts the
pens from the writing surface.
General Operating Procedure