Why fossil fuel base?

• Petrol/diesel fuel stations infrastructure is available

• LPG gas is distributed at your doorstep LPG and CNG service
infrastructure is also well established
• Customer need not bother about storage and service infrastructure
costs.
• Payment is only for running cost of fuel.
Then why move away from fossil fuel base?

• Depletion of fossil fuels

• Environmental hazards
• Health hazards
• Life Cycle costs versus running costs
How long will fossil fuel last?

• Let the earth be made of a thin shell that is filled entirely with fossil
fuels.
• Consider the earth as a sphere of radius R=6378.137 kms.
• This amounts to about 1.1x1021m3of fossil fuel.
• take the average energy density of fossil fuel to be about 10000Wh/lt
or 10000 KWh/m3
• the amount of stored energy within the earth is 1.1x1025KWh
• The current annual world energy consumption is about 55x1012KWh
• Considering a 7% growth in energy consumption annually
• in 372 years with an annual energy consumption growth rate of 7%,
all the fossil fuel is emptied within the earth even though we started
with earth being full of fossil fuel. However, earth is not composed
fully of fossil fuel. Only a fraction of
• The pinnacle of fossil fuel usage is passed. Its usage will now decay
exponential and in the next 100 years will gradually die. its volume is
stored as fossil fuel.
• So now a Paradigm shift…

• “Concentrated usage of energy to Distributed usage of energy”

Green house effect

• Green house gases –carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, chloro

fluoro carbons.
• Green house gases are the temperature stabilisers of the earth’s
atmosphere.
• Temperature stabilisation is by trapping radiated heat from the
earth’s surface by these green house gases.
Global warming

• Due to emissions from the fossil fuel based systems, the green house
gases in the atmosphere increases.
• As a result, the average temperature of the earth is becoming higher.
Effects of Global warming
• changes in rainfall patterns
• rise in sea level
• impacts on flora and fauna
• impacts on human health
Health is an issue!

• CO poisoning.
• Asthma.
• Skin diseases and cancer due to depletion of stratospheric ozone.
Cost in the long run…
Life cycle costing gives more realistic estimates.
This gives a much better correlation of cost to energy used
What is Renewable Energy?

As the name suggests, exists perpetually and in abundant in the

environment
Ready to be harnessed, inexhaustible
It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels
“energy that is derived from natural process that are replenished
constantly” -- defined by the Renewable Energy Working
Party of the International Energy Agency
Natural energy sources
• SOLAR ENERGY (the power comes from the sun and it can turned into
electricity and heat)
• WIND POWER (conversion of wind energy into electricity)
• HYDRO POWER ( the power of water)
• BIOMASS (organic materials from plants)
• GEOTHERMAL (Hot Spring)
• TIDAL(Wave Energy)
• Fuel Cell(Electrolysis)
Conventional energy sources
• These are fossil fuels;coal,oil,petroleum and natural gas.
• Fossil fuels,that contain hydrocarbons, found top layer of the Earth’s
crust.
• ‘Non-renewable’ sources;they cannot be produced again after they
have been used.
• They produce a lot of pollution and environmental problems.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
• Fossil fuels such as coal and oil contain carbon,when they burn,CO2 is
produced and released into the atmosphere.This causes an increase in the
level of CO2 and increase of CO2 level causes an increase in average global
temperature which is ‘ global warming ’.It’s a threat for the future of our planet.

• But, there aren’t any CO2 emission in alternative sources.They have only little
harms when are used improperly.For example, if a solar panel is charged in
night,it can cause chemical reactions and harm,but it doesn’t threaten to whole
planet.Renewable energy technologies are clean sources of energy that have
a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies.
GLOBAL THREAT
• Can alternative energy supply the World’s Energy Needs?

• WHY FOSSIL FUELS ARE STILL USED ??

• Just because of their costs?..

 Energy Cost
•Solar 32$cent/kwH,but coal
4$cent/kwH …
•Costs are the main reason of
energy consumption
•But,fossil fuel reserves will be
exhausted.
THERE IS AN ALTERNATIVE
• Cost is important but environmental harms of fossil
fuels,consumption of fossil reserves push us to develop the usage of
renewable and sustainable energy sources; high costs of renewables
are started to go down.
• So,it’s clear that renewable energy sources should be increased all
over the world. !
Scope for alternative energies…
• 75% of energy comes from fossil fuels such as crude oils, coal and
natural gas
•12% from bio fuels such as methane
•9% from hydro based
•3% from nuclear
•1% from windmills and photovoltaic put together(Scope to increase)
Solar Energy Source
• Modern residential solar power systems use photovoltaic (PV) to
collect the sun’s energy. “Photo” means “produced by light,” and
“voltaic” is “electricity produced by a chemical reaction.”

• Commercial residential PV modules range in power output from 10

watts to 300 watts, in a direct current. A PV module must have an
inverter to change the DC electricity into alternating current energy in
order to be usable by electrical devices and compatible with the
electric grid.
Solar Energy Source
Solar energy Applications
Wind energy source
Wind energy source
• Wind energy is a free, renewable resource, so no matter how much is
used today, there will still be the same supply in the future. Wind
energy is also a source of clean, non-polluting, electricity. Unlike
conventional power plants, wind plants emit no air pollutants or
green house.
• It's a clean fuel source. Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power
plants that rely on combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural
gas, which emit particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide
—causing human health problems and economic damages' gases.
Wind Energy Electricity Generation
Geothermal energy Source
• Geothermal energy is heat from within the Earth.
• We can recover this heat as steam or hot water and use it to heat
buildings or generate electricity.
• It is a natural part of the energy flow within the Earth’s depths.
• Most of the commercial-grade production geothermal energy is
harvested along localized “geothermal systems”, where the heat flow is
near enough to the surface that hot water or steam is able to rise
either to the surface, or to depths that we can reach by drilling.
Hot Water Springs Form Due To Geothermal
Energy Of The Earth
Schematic Representation Of An Ideal
Geothermal System
Tidal power
• Tidal power or tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the
energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power, mainly
electricity.
• Tides are more predictable than the wind and the sun.
• Among sources of renewable energy, tidal energy has traditionally
suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with
sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total
availability
Tidal power
Biomass Energy
• Biomass is organic material that comes from plants and animals, and
it is a renewable source of energy.
• Biomass contains stored energy from the sun. Plants absorb the sun's
energy in a process called photosynthesis. When biomass is burned, the
chemical energy in biomass is released as heat
Types of biomass
Schematic Diagram For Biomass Energy
CONCLUSION
we need renewable energy
• Renewable energy technologies are clean sources of energy that have
a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy
technologies.

Renewable energy will not run out. Ever. Other sources of energy are
finite and will some day be depleted.