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KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING- ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM

ASSIGNMENT NO : 2

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

SRESTAA BHATTARAI ER. DINESH PD. BHATT
ROLL NO: 06
B.ARCH/S.Y. II

ENGINEERING SURVEY
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GLOBAL
POSITIONING
SYSTEM (GPS)

ENGINEERING SURVEY
  INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS  GPS?
 HISTORY
 KEY USES
 HOW IS IT USED IN SURVEY?
 INSTRUMENTS USED
 METHODS OF GPS SURVEYING
 PROS AND CONS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ENGINEERING SURVEY
 Land surveying involves gathering information about the
positions of certain points as well as the angles and
distance between them

Through the use of certain instruments, surveyors can

INTRODUCTION create maps, establish property lines, and gather
important information for architects, engineers, and
developers.
The accuracy of land surveying measurements is
dependent on the quality of the instruments used
to gather the data.

With the invention of GPS technology, land

surveyors are now able to make complex
calculations more quickly and accurately than ever
before.

ENGINEERING SURVEY
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WHAT IS A GPS?
 GPS is a highly accurate navigation system using signals
from satellites to determine a location on the Earth’s
surface, irrespective of weather conditions.
 It is dependent on GPS satellites high above the Earth
which transmit signals containing the time and location
of the satellite.
 Any ground-based receiver which receives signals
from four or more GPS satellites can use navigation
equations to calculate its location on the Earth’s
surface.

ENGINEERING SURVEY
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HISTORY
 The year development of the Navstar Global
Positioning System program was approved by the U.S
department of defence. (The system would be built
out starting in 1979 but wouldn’t see completed form
until 1995.)
 GPS was originally developed for military use but
since the 1990s has been open for civilian use and is
now used in such common applications as mobile
phones, car navigation systems, and of course
surveying and mapping.

ENGINEERING SURVEY
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 Determining a position (location)

 Moving from one place to another (navigation)
 Monitoring the movement of a person or object
FIVE KEY (tracking)
USES OFTRACKING
MAPPING
LOCATION
TIMING
NAVIGATION
 Creating a map of an area (mapping)
GPS:  Making precise time measurements (timing)

ENGINEERING SURVEY
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
Surveying and mapping was one of the first
GPS IN SURVEYING commercial adaptations of GPS.

AND MAPPING 
It provides a latitude and longitude position
directly without the need to measure angles and
distances between points.


GPS is especially useful in surveying coasts and
waterways, where there are few land-based
reference points. 


GPS receivers used for base line measurements
are generally more complex and expensive than
those in common.


 Bridge builders and offshore oil rigs also depend
on GPS for accurate hydrographic surveys.

ENGINEERING SURVEY
 INSTRUMENTS USED :


GPS RECIEVER– This instrument is required to
receive signals from GPS satellites in order to make
calculations. These instruments come with a variety
of optional features such as multiple band channels,
built-in Bluetooth and Wi-Fi technology, and OLED
displays.


GPS ROVER RODS– These instruments can be used
to extend the rover’s reach. They can be made from
a variety of durable materials and come in different
lengths.


GPS POLES– Used to mount GPS surveying
equipment, these poles are typically lightweight but
durable and come in different lengths.
ENGINEERING SURVEY
INSTRUMENTS USED CONTD..

  GPS BIPODS/TRIPODS– For greater stability in

mounting GPS equipment, bipods and tripods come
in adjustable lengths and numerous sizes.
 GPS ANTANNAE– This piece of equipment makes it
possible for GPS systems to receive signals from
satellites. Many systems come with an internal
antenna, but we can purchase external antennas to
boost the signal.
 TOTAL STATION– A combination of an electronic
theodolite, electronic distance measuring (EDM)
device, and software running on an external
computer, a total station is used to calculate the
coordinates of survey points using angles and
distances. It is incorporated in GPS technology to
ENGINEERING SURVEY produce more accurate results.
THREE Methods Of GPS Measurement

Continuous operating reference stations

Real time kinematic-RTK observations
Static gps baseline

ENGINEERING SURVEY
STATIC GPS BASELINE

Static GPS is used for determining accurate

coordinates for survey points by
simultaneously recording GPS observations
over a known and unknown survey point for
at least 20 minutes.
The data is then processed in the office to
provide coordinates with an accuracy of
better than 5mm depending on the duration
of the observations and satellite availability
at the time of the measurements.

ENGINEERING SURVEY
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PROCESS

To measure a long baseline (20 km and up), the reference receiver at a
known point is placed.

NEXT, a second receiver (called the “rover”) at the other end of the baseline
is placed.

Then, identical data recording times is set – usually 15, 30, or 60 seconds –
and measured for at least one hour.

Depending on how long the line is, how many satellites are in sight, and
their relative geometry, we may need to measure for a longer time.

Once we collect enough data, the rover is turned off and moved to the next
baseline, and repeated. For even greater speed, another rover can be added
and two rovers’ placement can be altered to measure each line.

ENGINEERING SURVEY
RTK OBSERVATIONS

Real time kinematic-RTK is the

process where one receiver remains
in one position over a known point –
the Base Station – and another
receiver moves between positions –
the Rover Station
The position of the Rover can be
computed and stored within a few
seconds, using a radio link to provide
a coordinate correction. This method
gives similar accuracy to baseline
measurements within 10km of the
base station.
ENGINEERING SURVEY
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PROCESS

The rover gets signals from the reference, but because it also has its own GPS
antenna, it receives satellite signals directly instead of through the reference
receiver.


The rover then processes both signals to resolve the ambiguity.

Firstly, reference receiver is set up,Once it is picking up the satellite signal,we
can turn on the rover.


We wait until the rover starts tracking both the satellites and the reference.
When this happens, the rover will initialize, resolve ambiguities, and be ready
to record both points and coordinates. Baseline measurements are accurate
between 1 cm and 3 cm.


transmitting radio is now checked for interference. the antennas on both the
transmitting and receiving radios must not be blocked, and the cable to the
antenna must not be so long that the signal degrades.

ENGINEERING SURVEY
 CONTINUOUS OPERATING REFERENCE
STATION- CORS
This where a survey quality GPS receiver is permanently
installed in a location as a starting point for any GPS
measurements in the district.

Common users of CORS are mining sites, major engineering

projects and local governments. Surveyors’ GPS receivers can
then collect field data and combine it with the CORS data to
calculate positions.

Local CORS networks are also used to provide instant

positions similar to the RTK method by using a mobile phone
data link to provide a coordinate correction to the surveyor and
their rover.

ENGINEERING SURVEY
 EXAMPLE: CORS IN AUSTRALIA


Australia has state based CORS networks covering
the most populated areas. It is highly accurate.

The Australian Regional GPS Network (ARGN) may
be used with the on-line processing system AUSPOS.

This allows GPS data from a survey quality GPS
receiver to be submitted via the Internet and a
calculated position to be emailed back, typically
within a few hours.

The calculations used to produce these positions use
more accurate satellite orbits and within about 24
hours of observation can give a position anywhere in
Australia with an uncertainty of a few cm.

ENGINEERING SURVEY
  It offers a higher level of accuracy
than conventional surveying
methods.

PROS  Calculations are made very quickly

and accurately.
 GPS technology is not bound by
constraints such as visibility between
stations.
 Land surveyors can carry GPS
components easily for fast, accurate
data collection.
 Some GPS systems can communicate
wireless for real-time data delivery.

ENGINEERING SURVEY
  Clear view of the sky to receive satellite
signal is major criteria of equipment.
 Interference from dense foliage and

CONS other structures can limit function and

communication.
 All GPS survey equipment is subject to
failure from dead batteries and system
malfunction.
 Special equipment may be required and
can be costly.

ENGINEERING SURVEY
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REFRENCES
https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2019/papers/ts02e/TS02E
_singh_kumar_9921.pdf

https://www.allenprecision.com/page/four-gps-survey-methods/
https://www.thoughtco.com/global-positioning-system-1434622

https://tedium.co/2018/01/11/gps-history-evolution/

https://www.gps.gov/applications/survey/

https://www.jurovichsurveying.com.au/faq/what-is-gps

ENGINEERING SURVEY
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ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T

ER. DINESH PD. BHATT

DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

THANKYOU

ENGINEERING SURVEY KATHMANDU