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Outlets
Outlets
FIG. 2.17
EXAMPLE (CONT…)
H(orf)=21 cm
H(sof) = 54-21=33 cm
H(wk)min = 0.82 H(sof) - 0.5 B(t)
= 0.82×33 - 0.5×12 = 21 cm
The setting being 0.6 D, the outlet is likely its draw
its fair share of silt. For canals carrying clear water
the setting at 0.6 D is ideal for proportionality.
For rigidity and better silt drawing capacity, the
outlet should be set at bed level, viz H(crest) = 90
cm
From ( figure 2.17 ), with B(t) =12 cm and q= 60
l/sec
H(orf) should be 14.2 cm
EXAMPLE (CONT…)
FIG. 2.14
Example
FIG. 2.15
EXAMPLE (CONT…)
Hydraulic characteristic
Silt drawing capacity
No results of comprehensive experiments
on the silt drawing capacity of pipe outlets
appear to have been reported, but such
experiments would be useful. On the
other hand, according to experience so
far canals fitted with pipe outlets at bed
level seldom give any silt trouble.
Efficiency
These can pass the required discharge
with a very small working head (2.5cm)
PIPE OUTLET (CONT…)
Hydraulic characteristic
Design formula
Submerged pipe outlet
q = c.d ×A ×√2g h(wk)
Where
h(wk) = difference in water surface levels in
the supply cannel and water course
The value of c.d for ordinary cast iron pipe of
15 cm internal diameter has been
found to be nearly 0.00074.
A simpler formula for this outlet is.
q = c. d ×A ×√h (wk)
PIPE OUTLET (CONT…)
Hydraulic characteristic
Adjustability
While appreciable adjustment of the
design discharge would require
dismantling and reconstruction of the
structure or part of it, small changes in
discharge can be affected by lowering, or
raising the bed level at the pipe outlet,
and this would change the working head.
PIPE OUTLET (CONT…)
EXAMPLE
Numerical example
Design an outlet for a discharge of 34 l/sec on
a distributing canal having a full supply depth
of 90 cm and with an available working head
of 6 cm.
Solution
q = 34 l/sec
D = 90 cm
H(wk) = 6 cm
The available working head of 6 cm is low and
the outlet must be submerged.
q = c. d× A× √2g h(wk)
34 = 0.00074× [A(p) × √2g.6]
PIPE OUTLET (CONT…)
EXAMPLE
15
10
5
0
Hs
Conclusion
By siphon pipes.
Fixing pipes in the bank.
Tampering of outlets
Cutting canal banks.
Putting hurdles down stream outlets.
Installing wrong types of outlets
Legalized Tampering
Remedial Measures
Setting of outlet
Bend outlet
Pipe Semi-Module
Pipe Semi-Module
Control of silt in Punjab canals