VIRTUAL LECTURE – 1

 In this lecture, we studied

Turbomachine
 Types of Turbomachines
 Difference between Positive Displacement Machine and
Turbomachine
 Velocity Diagram of Axial Flow Compressor
 VIRTUAL LECTURE – 2

 In this lecture, we will studied

Thermodynamics
 Basic Definitions
 Laws of Thermodynamics
 Types of System
 Types of Process
 Nozzle and Diffusers
 Energy Equations
 VIRTUAL LECTURE – 2

 In this lecture, we will studied

Thermodynamics
 Basic Definitions
 Laws of Thermodynamics
 Types of System
 Types of Process
 Nozzle and Diffusers
 Energy Equations
 VIRTUAL LECTURE – 3

 In this lecture, we will solve thermodynamic problems

related to nozzle, diffusers, compressor and turbines
 AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

PROBLEM # 1

A nozzle expands air from p1 = 8.0 bar , T1 = 540K to a

pressure of 5.8 bar with an efficiency of 95%. The air is then
passed through a diffuser of area ratio 4.0. The total pressure
loss across the diffuser is 367 mm Hg.
Determine the efficiency of the diffuser and velocities of air at
its entry and exit. What is the static pressure at the diffuser
exit?
 AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

SOLUTION # 1

NOZZLE

1 p1 = 8.0 bar, c1 = 0, T1 = 540K

N
2 p2 = 8.0 bar, A2 , c2 = ? DIFFUSER

D
3 A3 , c3 =?, ηD =? A3/A2 = 4.0 = diffuser area ratio)
p3 = ?
AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3
 AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

SOLUTION #1

Diffuser
c3A3 = c2A2
c3 = (A2/A3) * c2 = 300.53/4 = 75.13 m/s (Ans)

Assume the flow to be almost incompressible.

Now you now, efficiency of diffuser is :-

Here in diffuser, entry and exit are designated as 2 and 3

 AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

SOLUTION #1

ηD = 1 - ∆p0
----------------------
ρ * (1/2) * (c22- c32)
 
ρ2 = p2 / RT2 = 5.8 x 105 / (287 x 495.065) = 4.08 kg/m3
∆p0 across diffuser = 367 mm Hg = 367 x 13.6 x 9.81
 
ηD = 1 - 367 x 13.6 x 9.81
--------------------------
4.08 x (1/2) x (300.532 -75.132)
 
ηD = 71.5% (Ans)

p3 – p2 = ηD * (1/2) * (c22- c32) = 0.715 x 0.5 x 4.08 x (300.532 – 75.132)

p3 – p2 = 1.231 x 105 N/m2
p3 =1.231 x 105 + p2 = 1.231 + 5.8 = 7.031 bar (Ans)
 AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

PROBLEM # 2

An air compressor has 8 stages of equal pressure ratio 1.35.

The flow rate through the compressor and its overall
efficiency are 50 kg/s and 82%, respectively. If the conditions
of air at entry are 1.0 bar and t1 = 40° C, determine :-
(a) the state of air at the compressor exit
(b) polytropic or small stage efficiency
(c) Efficiency of each stage
(d) power required to drive the compressor assuming overall
efficiency of the drive as 90%
AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

SOLUTION # 2

……. (i)

γ = 1.4
Cp = 1.005 kJ/Kg K
 
γ -1
---- = 0.286
γ
 
T1 = 273 + 40 = 313 K

Overall pressure ratio prc = 1.358 = 11.03

Overall Efficiency of Compressor is given as :-

…………(ii)
 AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

------ (iiI)

Actual temperature rise ∆Tc = T2 – T1 = T (k+1)s – Tk = T1 * [(prc)γ-1/γ – 1]

Using eq(ii) and eq(iii), we get

ηc = (prc)γ-1/γ – 1 T1 * [(prc)γ-1/γ – 1]
--------------- = ------------------------
(T2 – T1 )/T1 (T2 – T1 )

∆Tc = (313/0.92)(11.030.286 -1) = 376.75 K

 
(a) State at Compressor Exit
 
Tk+1 = T9 = 313 + 376.75 = 689.75 k (Ans)
Pk+1 = P9 = 11.03 x I = 11.03 bar (Refer eqn(i))

(b) Polytropic or small stage efficiency

ηp = 0.286 x In 11.03
--------------------- = 0.871 = 87.1%
In (689.75/313)
 AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

(c) Since pressure ratio in each stage is the same, their efficiencies are also the same

ηst = 1.350.286 – 1
------------------- = 86.5%
1.35(0.286/0.871) - 1

(d) Power = (1/ ηo) x m x cp x ∆Tc = (1/0.90) x 50 x 1.005 x 376.75 = 21030 KW

Power = 21.03 MW
 AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

PROBLEM # 3
An air stream (ρ =1.25 kg/m3) is decelerated from 100 m/s to 75 m/s in a
diffuser giving a pressure rise of 250 mm W.G. Calculate the diffuser
efficiency.

SOLUTION # 3

Given inputs are :-

c1 = 100 m/s , c2 = 75 m/s , ρ =1.25 kg/m3 ,
∆p = 250 mm W.G = 0.024516625 bar
ηD = 2 x (p2 – p1) 2 x 0.02451665 x 105
----------------- = ----------------------------- = 0.8966 = 89.7% (Ans)
ρ x (c12 – c22) 1.25 x (1002 – 752)
 AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

Assignment
PROBLEM # 4

If all the stages in the compressor of Problem #2 have the

same temperature rise, determine the pressure ratio and
efficiency of each stage. Comments on the results.
Hint : use following equations for each stage:-

Stage no. Ti 1 + (∆Ti /Ti ) pri ηst

 AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

Assignment
PROBLEM # 5
Prove the following relations for finite turbine stages :-
 
 ηst = 1 – pr (γ-1/γ)*ηp
---------------- (single stage)
1– pr (γ-1/γ)
 

 ηT = 1 – pr (γ-1/γ)*k*ηp
-------------------- (k stage)
1 – pr (γ-1/γ)*k
 AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

Assignment
PROBLEM # 6

A gas turbine nozzle has a pressure ratio of 1.8. The initial

pressure and temperature are 3.5 bar and 1050 k. The gas
velocity at the exit is 548 m/s. Determine the efficiency of the
nozzle and the exit Mach number. Take R = 287 J/Kg K, γ = 1.4.

(Answer : ηN = 92% and M2 = 0.911)

 AEROSPACE PROPULSION Lect-3

Assignment
PROBLEM # 7

Consider flow of compressed gas from a large tank having

pressure 8.0 bar and 500 K. The gas tank is connected to a
blow down wind tunnel through a nozzle. The required flow
conditions in the test section of the wind tunnel should be 2.0
bar and 400 K. In order to achieve this flow condition, what
should be the efficiency of the nozzle? Also ascertain the
Mach no. of flow in the test section. Consider the gas
properties as γ = 1.33, Cp = 985 J/Kg K and R = 280 J/Kg K.
(Answer : ηN = 68.7% and M2 = 1.14)
 NEXT VIRTUAL LECTURE

 Next lecture, we will study

Solve problems related to Ideal Engine Cycle