Advanced I/O Functions

• Socket timeouts
• recv and send functions
• readv and writev functions
• recvmsg and sendmsg functions
• Ancillary data
• T/TCP: TCP for transactions

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 Socket Timeouts
• There are three ways to place a timeout on an I/O operation involving a
socket:
1. Call alarm which generates SIGALRM before calling socket functions.
2. Block waiting for I/O in select which has a time limit built in, instead of blocking
in a call to read or write.
3. Set SO_RCVTIMEO and SO_SNDTIMEO socket options by setsockopt. The
problem with this approach is that not all implementations support these two
socket options.
• All three techniques work with input and output operations, could also use
with connect. Since a TCP connect can take a long time to time out (typically
75 seconds). select can be used to place a timeout on connect only when the
socket is in a nonblocking mode.
• Also note that the first two techniques work with any descriptor, while the
third technique works only with socket descriptors.

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 connect with a timeout
static void connect_alarm(int);
int connect_timeo(int sockfd, const SA *saptr, socklen_t salen, int nsec)
{ Sigfunc *sigfunc;
int n;
sigfunc = Signal(SIGALRM, connect_alarm);
if (alarm(nsec) != 0)
err_msg("connect_timeo: alarm was already set");
if ( (n = connect(sockfd, saptr, salen)) < 0) {
close(sockfd);
if(errno == EINTR)
errno = ETIMEDOUT;
}
alarm(0); /* turn off the alarm */
Signal(SIGALRM, sigfunc); /* restore previous signal handler */
return (n);
}
static void connect_alarm(int signo) {
return; /* just interrupt the connect() */
}

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 dg_cli function with alarm to timeout recvfrom
• static void sig_alrm(int);
void dg_cli(FILE *fp, int sockfd, const SA *pservaddr, socklen_t servlen) {
int n;
char sendline[MAXLINE], recvline[MAXLINE + 1];
Signal(SIGALRM, sig_alrm);
while (Fgets(sendline, MAXLINE, fp) != NULL) {
Sendto(sockfd, sendline, strlen(sendline), 0, pservaddr, servlen);
alarm(5);
if ( (n = recvfrom(sockfd, recvline, MAXLINE, 0, NULL, NULL)) < 0){
if (errno == EINTR)
fprintf(stderr, "socket timeout\n");
else
err_sys("recvfrom error");
}
else { alarm(0);
recvline[n] = 0; /* null terminate */
Fputs(recvline, stdout);
}
}
}
static void sig_alrm(int signo) {
return; /* just interrupt the recvfrom() */
}
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 waits for a descriptor to become readable
• int readable_timeo(int fd, int sec)
{
fd_set rset;
struct timeval tv;
FD_ZERO(&rset);
FD_SET(fd, &rset);
tv.tv_sec = sec;
tv.tv_usec = 0;
return (select(fd + 1, &rset, NULL, NULL, &tv));
/* > 0 if descriptor is readable */
}

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 SO_RCVTIMEO socket option to set a timeout
• void dg_cli(FILE *fp, int sockfd, const SA *pservaddr, socklen_t servlen)
{
int n;
char sendline[MAXLINE], recvline[MAXLINE + 1];
struct timeval tv;
tv.tv_sec = 5;
tv.tv_usec = 0;
Setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, &tv, sizeof(tv));
while (Fgets(sendline, MAXLINE, fp) != NULL) {
Sendto(sockfd, sendline, strlen(sendline), 0, pservaddr, servlen);
n = recvfrom(sockfd, recvline, MAXLINE, 0, NULL, NULL);
if (n < 0) {
if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {
fprintf(stderr, "socket timeout\n");
continue;
} else
err_sys("recvfrom error");
} 
recvline[n] = 0; /* null terminate */
Fputs(recvline, stdout);
}
} 6
 recv and send Functions
• #include <sys/socket.h>
ssize_t recv(int sockfd, void *buff, size_t nbytes, int flags);
ssize_t send(int sockfd, const void *buff, size_t nbytes, int flags);
Both return: number of bytes read or written if OK, –1 on error
• The first three arguments to recv and send are the same as the first three arguments to
read and write.
• The flags argument is either 0 or is formed by logically OR'ing one or more of the
constants shown in Figure .

flags Description recv send

MSG_DONTROUTE bypass routing table lookup X
MSG_DONTWAIT only this operation is nonblocking X X
MSG_OOB send or receive out-of-band data X X
MSG_PEEK peek at incoming message X
MSG_WAITALL wait for all the data X

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 readv and writev Functions
• readv and writev let us read into or write from one or more buffers with a single
function call.
• These operations are called scatter read (since the input data is scattered into
multiple application buffers) and gather write (since multiple buffers are
gathered for a single output operation).
• #include <sys/uio.h>
ssize_t readv(int filedes, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt);
ssize_t writev(int filedes, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt);
Both return: number of bytes read or written, –1 on error
struct iovec {
void *iov_base; /* starting address of buffer */
size_t iov_len; /* size of buffer */
};
• The second argument to both functions is a pointer to an array of iovec
structures, which is defined by including the <sys/uio.h> header.
• The readv and writev functions can be used with any descriptor, not just
sockets. Also, writev is an atomic operation.
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 recvmsg and sendmsg Functions
• These two functions are the most general of all the I/O functions. W
• We could replace all calls to read, readv, recv, and recvfrom with calls to recvmsg. All
calls to the various output functions could be replaced with calls to sendmsg.
• #include <sys/socket.h>
ssize_t recvmsg(int sockfd, struct msghdr *msg, int flags);
ssize_t sendmsg(int sockfd, struct msghdr *msg, int flags);
Both return: number of bytes read or written if OK, –1 on error
• struct msghdr {
void *msg_name; /* protocol address */
socklen_t msg_namelen; /* size of protocol address */
struct iovec *msg_iov; /* scatter/gather array */
int msg_iovlen; /* # elements in msg_iov */
void *msg_control; /* ancillary data (cmsghdr struct) */
socklen_t msg_controllen; /* length of ancillary data */
int msg_flags; /* flags returned by recvmsg() */
};

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 recvmsg and sendmsg Functions
• The msg_name and msg_namelen members are used when the socket is not connected
(e.g., an unconnected UDP socket). They are similar to the fifth and sixth arguments to
recvfrom and sendto.
• msg_name points to a socket address structure in which the caller stores the destination's
protocol address for sendmsg, or in which recvmsg stores the sender's protocol address.
• If a protocol address does not need to be specified (e.g., a TCP socket or a connected UDP
socket), msg_name should be set to a null pointer.
• The msg_iov and msg_iovlen members specify the array of input or output buffers,
similar to the second and third arguments for readv or writev.
• The msg_control and msg_controllen members specify the location and size of the
optional ancillary data. msg_controllen is a value-result argument for recvmsg.
• The msg_flags member is used only by recvmsg. The msg_flags member is ignored by
sendmsg.
• Summary of input and output
flags by various I/O functions

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Data structures when recvmsg is called for a UDP
socket

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 msghdr When recvmsg Returns
• A 170-byte UDP datagram arrives from 192.6.38.100, port 2000, destined for our UDP
socket with a destination IP address of 206.168.112.96.
• The shaded fields are modified by recvmsg

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Comparison of Five Groups of
I/O Functions

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 Ancillary Data
• Ancillary data can be sent and received using the msg_control and msg_controllen
members of the msghdr structure with the sendmsg and recvmsg functions.
• Another term for ancillary data is control information.
• Ancillary data consists of one or more ancillary data objects, each one beginning with a
cmsghdr structure, defined by including <sys/socket.h>.
• struct cmsghdr {
socklen_t cmsg_len; /* length in bytes, including this structure */
int cmsg_level; /* originating protocol */
int cmsg_type; /* protocol-specific type */
/* followed by unsigned char cmsg_data[] */
};

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