DEBRE BEREHAN UNIVERSITY

DEPARTEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Result and Discussions

Conclusion and Recommendation
EYERUSALEM KELEMEWORK
FEBRUARY 1 S T 2019
 Contents
Chapter Four Results and discussions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Introductory results/Profiles of the respondents
4.3 Specific Objective 1
4.4 Specific Objective 2
4.5 Specific Objective 3
Chapter Five Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Once the research project has been structured, the theory and literature
studied, the data collected and analyzed, the next stages are
to produce results and, by making inferences,
examine and discuss the results of empirical
work in the context of theory and literature,
to draw conclusions and make recommendations;
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Results
Think of the results section of your research article as answering the question :
“What?”—What did you find?
This section, typically written in a descriptive fashion, reports on your findings.

Results Consists Introductory results and Substantive results

 Chapter Four Results, Analysis and discussions
Results
Introductory results
How To write It
 Useable response numbers and rates (expressed as percentages);
Descriptive statistics relevant to the investigation –, sizes of organizations
Description of individuals responding – such as job title
For laboratory experiments, the experimental technique, equipment and so
forth will be described and discussed
Such results would complement the discussion of how the data were sought
by describing the actual sample analyzed compared with the sample desired.
 Chapter Four Results, Analysis and discussions
Results
Substantive results
Although certain results will be sufficient in themselves to provide the required
information, others will need aggregation, companions and rearrangement to enable
researchers to maximize understanding of what the results mean.
Different forms of presentations will be useful also – notably charts and graphs; tables may
convey precision but are much more difficult to interpret.
◦ Contextual: identifying the form and nature of what exists
◦ Diagnostic: examining the reasons for, or causes of, what exists
◦ Evaluative: appraising the effectiveness of what exists
◦ Strategic: identifying new theories, policies, plans or actions.
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Results
Substantive results
How To write It
Clearly communicates key findings with no or minimal interpretive comment
Provide sufficient detail to justify any conclusions you draw later.
Report most significant or general results first, then work toward more specific data.
Group results in categories
Include only those data that are relevant to the discussion that follows
Use visual devices to capture complex information or depict trends or comparisons.
may contain tables, graphs, pie charts and associated statistics.
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Results
Common Errors:
 Results/data poorly organized
 Discounts data/results inconvenient to desired or expected outcome
Tip:
Do your results lay a sufficient foundation for the discussion that will follow?
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Discussion
The discussion section answers the question “So what?”
Here, you make a case for the significance and value of your work by analyzing
your results and showing how they can help you support your assertion or claim
about the problem that you are addressing.
This section also discussions the implications and relevance of your study and
places your work in the context of an ongoing disciplinary conversation.
Think of the introduction and discussion sections as the “bookends” that frame
your study
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Discussion
Purpose
Answer the research question
Show how the results support the answer
Show relationships among results
Show relationship of results to other studies
Draw conclusions
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Discussion
Best practices:
Thorough analysis and interpretation of results in light of questions that prompted your study. Be
sure to clarify whether results confirm or refute initial hypothesis.
Discusses implications of work and its significance; suggests further research.
Accounts for difficulties and challenges in the research, and problems in the research design.
Note limitations of your approach
Clarifies how your work fits into the ongoing discussions of your field.
Tip:
 The discussion section should provide the analytic culmination of the more descriptive
discussions in the introduction, methods, and results sections.
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Discussion
Elements to Include
State the Major Findings of the Study
Explain the Meaning of the Findings and Why the Findings Are Important
Relate the Findings to Those of Similar Studies
Consider Alternative Explanations of the Findings
State the Relevance of the Findings
Acknowledge the Study’s Limitations
Make Suggestions for Further Research
Give the “Take-Home Message” in the Form of a Conclusion
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Discussion
How to Write it
Present the main trends, the relationships among trends, and generalizations
of trends
Any conclusions that you draw must be clearly stated
Avoid merely restating the material
Discuss any contrary results and attempt to explain them
Explain agreements or disagreements between your work and
other published studies
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Discussion
How to Write it
Do not try to hide data that are contrary to your conclusions.
Give explanations.
Give evidence for each conclusion
If you speculate, keep it plausible
Defend your conclusion, but be respectful to contrary studies.
State the limitations of your study design
State the important implications of your study
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Discussion
Common Errors
The main point is not clear
Too wordy, unorganized
Too short: not all implications have been discussed; not enough
familiarity with the literature to contextualize your work
Not beginning with the most important outcomes
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Discussion
Common Errors
Not enough discussion of the significance of the outcomes. The
outcomes are not put into context
Unjustifiable conclusions, not supported
Some results are ignored
The interpretation obscures the true meaning of the data
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Discussion
Checklist
It is well structured
The main point is at the beginning
The other points appear in descending order of importance
It interprets the results
It places your work in the context of research in the field
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Discussion
Checklist
Each conclusion is based on evidence
All hypotheses are reasonable
There are no vague statements. Hedging is not overdone
The writer gives a fair, accurate, and objective treatment of other
related studies
All anomalous outcomes are presented and explained
 Chapter Four Results and discussions
Common Errors
Over interpretation of the Results
Unwarranted Speculation
Inflating the Importance of the Findings
Tangential Issues
The “Bully Pulpit”
Conclusions That Are Not Supported by the Data
 Chapter Five conclusion and recommendation
Conclusions
Conclusions take a ‘broad perspective’, looking at the research executed as a whole, but
focusing particularly on the hypotheses, objectives and aim of the research, adopting an
incremental approach to generalizations which may be made.
Conclusions are the major output of the research – what has been found out about the topic
under study through the execution of the research.
As such, conclusions present the major items and themes which have been raised and
investigated.
 Chapter Five conclusion and recommendation
Conclusions
Particularly, conclusions must relate to , the objectives set and, hence, to the overall aim of
the research.
Conclusions complete the ‘story’ of the research from what it was desired to find out to what
has been found out.
Conclusions must be concise statements of the contributions to knowledge which the
research makes.
 Chapter Five conclusion and recommendation
Conclusions
How to write conclusions
Generally, a research project will yield between six and twelve main points of conclusion
those facets about which the study has helped to develop knowledge, what those
developments are and what they mean for practice and further research work.
Ideally, each conclusion stands alone, usually as a paragraph, but with sure and clear
foundations in the research which has been executed.
A common good practice is to produce one stand-alone, often numbered, paragraph for each
point of conclusion.
 For studies which set out explicit aim, objectives and hypotheses, it is important that the
conclusions relate back to them.
 Chapter Five conclusion and recommendation
Conclusions
How to write conclusions
It should be possible to reference each statement in each conclusion to a
section of the research.
Although such tracing should not appear in the report, it may be useful to
carry out the exercise as a mechanism for arriving at the conclusions and
ensuring their substantiation by the research done
It is essential to be aware of the variables and the assumptions as well as the
principles, samples and results of analyses in drawing conclusions.
 Chapter Five conclusion and recommendation
Conclusions
Checklist
Everything in the Conclusions has been mentioned previously
Each conclusion is well supported by information in the result and discussion
section
The main conclusion is first
The conclusions are in descending order of importance or objectictives
 Chapter Five conclusion and recommendation
Conclusions
Common Errors
Too vague and general
Not previously stated in the dissertation
 Chapter Five conclusion and recommendation
Recommendations
This section gives a list of recommendations that reflect the conclusions. It proposes actions that
should be taken
How to write it
Base each recommendation on your expert view of what can and
should be done
Recommendations may refer to a need, a new concept, a new
project, a solution to a problem
Use a numbered list, if possible, and try to match the numbers
with those of the Conclusions. Each conclusion may lead to one or
more recommendations
 Chapter Five conclusion and recommendation
Recommendations
Checklist
The main recommendation is first
The recommendations are in descending order of importance
Each recommendation is clearly stated
Each recommendation is feasible
Each recommendation is related to information in the Research
 Chapter Five conclusion and recommendation
Suggestions for Future Research
This section may be added to the end of the Conclusions and
Recommendations section
Limit the information to the most important ideas for future work
You may mention a possible continuation of your experiment,
especially areas that you feel have not been adequately explored
You may mention a long-term development that could be based
on your work
 TEN REASONS WHY REPORTS FAIL
There is no logical structure.
Ideas are not well thought out.
Work is disorganized.
Assumptions are made which cannot be justified by evidence.
There are too many grammatical and spelling mistakes.
Sentences and/or paragraphs are too long or too obscure.
It is obvious that ideas and sentences have been taken from other sources.
There is too much repetition.
There is too much irrelevant information.
Summary and conclusions are weak.