Sampling

Procedures
 OBJECTIVES
Explain the concepts in sampling
such as population, sample,
1 probability and
non-probability sampling;

Determine the appropriate

2 sampling technique and sample
size in a given problem
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
 TOPICS
•SIZE OF SAMPLE
•METHODS OF SAMPLING
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 Sample Size
Determination
 What is What is
POPULATI
ON?
SAMPLE?
Fig. 1. Illustration of Population and Sample

POPULATION

SAMPLE
 
Population
- is generally the totality of
individuals or objects that is
the main focus of a scientific
query.
Sample
- refers to a portion or part
of the population that
represents the population
from which it was selected.
Advantages and disadvantages of using a sample:

Advantages Disadvantages
 Reduce the cost of the  Some biases in selecting
study and make data the sample due to some
collection much easier external factors out of the
and faster researcher’s control or the
researchers themselves
 Easy manipulation and  Require the researcher to
control of data know about statistics in
 Easily avoid errors and order to analyze and collect
analyze data with smaller the data correctly.
numbers.
 SLOVIN’S Formula
in Determining the Sample Size
The following information is needed to be
able to determine the sample size using
the Slovin’s formula:

•Population (N)
-members of the group that a
researcher is interested in.
 SLOVIN’S Formula
in Determining the Sample Size
•Margin of error
- is the allowable error margin in
research.
A confidence interval of:
95% gives a margin error of 5%
98% gives a margin error of 2%
99% gives a margin error of 1%
 SLOVIN’S Formula
in Determining the Sample Size
•The
  sample size can be obtained by the formula:

Where:
Example
Suppose you plan to conduct a study
among 1, 500 Grade 11 students
enrolled in the STEM Track. How many
respondents are needed using
a margin of error of 2%?
1.Find the data.
 
𝑁
2.Substitute using the 𝑛= 2
formula. 1+ 𝑁𝑒
Given:
 

• 

 
=
Substitute:
Try this: 
A researcher wants to conduct a
survey. If the population of a big
university is 35,000, find the sample
size if the margin error is 5%.
Given:
 

• 

=
 

Substitute: = 395
Methods of
Sampling
 Sampling
Is a formal process of choosing the
correct subgroup called a sample
from a population to participate in a
research study.
Two categories of Sampling

•Probability
•Non-probability
 Probability Sampling
Every member of the population has
a known chance of participating in the
study.
 SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
Drawing randomly from a list of the
population (e.g.: names from a hat,
using a matrix of random numbers).
 Probability Sampling Procedure
Simple Random Sampling
- the most frequently used type of probability
sampling technique.

- the chance of selection is the same for every

member of the population.
For example:
Assume that you want to conduct a
survey of 100 senior high school
students in a certain private school.
To get the desired sample size,
you can do the selection
process, either manually or
electronically.
 SYSTEMATIC RANDOM
SAMPLING
 
Taking every kth element in the population
as a sample, where
 Probability Sampling Procedure
Systematic Random Sampling
- it follows specific steps and procedures in random
selection of the samples.

- it requires a list of the elements and every nth

element in the list is drawn for inclusion in the sample.
For example:
For instance, you have a list of 5,000
persons and you need a sample of
500.
 
Using the formula,

We obtained the value of 10.

 STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
a process in which certain
subgroups, or strata, are selected for the
sample in the same proportion as they exist in
the population
 Probability Sampling Procedure
Stratified Random Sampling
- population is divided into subgroups or strata

-best used when the characteristics of the

subgroups may influence the variables being
measured.
For example:
Suppose you’re interested in how
frequent internet use varies by level
among junior high school students.
There are 1200 junior high school
students and the desired sample size
is 300.
Step 1: Stratify the population (by year level).
Step 2: Get the population of the junior high
school students per level.
Year Level N per level
First Year 350
Second Year 300
Third year 280
Fourth Year 270
TOTAL 1200
Step 3: Divide each number of students per level by
1200 (total N) and multiply by the desired sample
size, 300.
Year Level N per level
First Year 350/1200 X 300 = 87.5
Second Year 300/1200 X 300 = 75
Third year 280/1200 X 300 = 70
Fourth Year 270/1200 X 300 = 67.5
TOTAL 300
This type of sampling is preferred by
researchers who want to study
subpopulations where categorization
of homogeneous characteristics of
each stratum is being considered.
 CLUSTER SAMPLING
The selection of groups, or
clusters, of subjects rather than
individuals
 Probability Sampling Procedure
Cluster Sampling
- used when the target respondents is spread across
a geographical location.

-the population is divided into groups called clusters

which are heterogeneous in nature and mutually
exclusive.
Non-Probability Sampling
sampling group members are selected
on non-random manner, therefore not
each population member has a chance
to participate in the study
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
 Non- Probability Sampling Procedure

Convenience Sampling
-The samples are selected because
they are accessible or easy to recruit
by the researcher.
Example:

Conducting a survey or interview on a

captive audience inside a mall or park or
school to obtain a quick response of
public opinion on an issue about election
of public officials.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
 Non- Probability Sampling Procedure

Snowball Sampling
- One sample leads on to more of the same
kind of sample.
- it is applicable when researchers find
difficulty in locating special numbers of a
population.
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
 Non- Probability Sampling Procedure

Purposive Sampling
- a procedure in which samples are
chosen for a special purpose.
- sets criteria in selecting samples
3

QOUTA SAMPLING
 Non- Probability Sampling Procedure

Quota Sampling
- The researcher ensures equal or
proportionate representation of the
subjects depending on which trait is
considered as basis of the quota.
Example:

In a population, there are 60% men

and 40% women. In this case, you
will select samples non-randomly
until you reach 40% women
(4 out of 10).
Try to determine the appropriate
sampling technique and sample
size in a given problem
Situation 1
Ramon’s target population for his study are
Senior High School learners in Bogo National
National High School. All in all, there are 1,000
learners. Since there are too many learners, he
decided to randomly select the respondents by
fish bowl technique. To give equal chance for
individuals in the population of being chosen.
Situation 2
Gary wants to know if the new curriculum
has an effect on the academic
performance of ABM learners. He took
the list of all the learners in his school
and selected every 8th name in the class
list as participants.
Situation 3
Jason wants to study the hygienic
practices of SHS learners. The problem
is there are 24 classes and Jason
decided to choose only 5 classes with
20 students each from a whole
population of 960 learners.
Situation 4
Jose is interested to study the
inspiration of aquarium fish breeder. He
knew a friend in the neighborhood and
through him, he was introduced to
another fish breeder and so on. Until he
acquired 15 respondents in his study.
Situation 5

An interviewer positions himself in

a shopping area and starts
interviewing people one by one.
 “ It is important to get
results from experiment
but the most important is
the process in getting
results.”
- Dr. Nik Ahmad Nizam