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3 Reservoir Fluid Pro
3 Reservoir Fluid Pro
By
Dr Anil Kumar
Fluid Properties
Naturally occurring petroleum accumulations are made up of
large number of organic compounds, primarily hydrocarbons.
Seldom are two crude oil samples identical and seldom are two
crude oils made up of the same proportions of the various
compounds.
Reasons to examine the Reservoir fluids
a) A chemical engineer may be interested in a crude oil’s
composition as to the amount of commercial products the
oil will yield after refining.
b) An exploration might have an interest in an oil or water’s
composition as it sheds light on the origin, maturation and
degradation of the oil for geological interpretation.
c) The petroleum engineer is particularly concerned to
determine their behavior under varying conditions of
pressure and temperature that occur in the reservoir and
piping systems during the production process.
Chemical composition of petroleum deposits
2. Naphthalene hydrocarbons
3. Aromatic hydrocarbons
Petroleum oil
Kerosene 400-575 0f
Fuel oil Above 575 0f
Requirements to Study the Reservoir Fluid Behavior
The vapor pressure and bubble point lines do not coincide but
form an envelope enclosing a broad range of temperatures and
pressures at which two phases (gas and oil) exist in equilibrium.
Oil reservoirs
If the reservoir temperature T is less than the critical
temperature Tc of the reservoir fluid, the reservoir is classified
as an oil reservoir.
Gas reservoirs
If the reservoir temperature is greater than the critical
temperature of the hydrocarbon fluid, the reservoir is
considered a gas reservoir.
P-T Diagram for a Multicomponent
Reservoir Fluid Types
3. Gas-cap reservoir.
If the initial reservoir pressure is below the bubble point
pressure of the reservoir fluid, the reservoir is termed a gas-
cap or two-phase reservoir, in which the gas or vapor phase
is underlain by an oil phase. The appropriate quality line
gives the ratio of the gas-cap volume to reservoir oil volume.
Reservoir Fluid Types
• Black oil
• Volatile oil
Pres , Tres
• Retrograde Condensate (gas Dry
condensate)
Pressure
Gas
Gas
• Wet gas Condensate
Volatile Black
• Dry gas Oil Oil
Temperature
Reservoir Fluid Types
• Oil Compressibility
• Saturation Pressure
• Live Oil Viscosity
• Live Oil Density
• Oil Formation Volume Factor
• Gas-Oil Ratio
1. Liberated GOR
2. Solution GOR
• Liberated Gas Formation Volume factor
• Incremental Liberated Gas-Gravity
• Cumulative liberated Gas-Gravity
• Shrinkage of oil
Reservoir Fluid Properties
Oil Compressibility
The compressibility of any substance is the change in volume
per unit volume for per unit change in pressure. By
definition, the isothermal compressibility of a substance is
defined mathematically by the following expression:
Saturation Pressure
The pressure at which oil is saturated with gas and it can
not further dissolve gas is called saturation pressure
Reservoir Fluid Properties
Gas-Oil Ratio
The gas/oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of the volume of gas
that comes out of solution, to the volume of oil at
standard conditions.
1. Liberated GOR
2. Solution GOR
Liberated Gas Formation Volume factor
The gas formation volume factor, Bg, is defined as
the ratio of the volume of gas at the prevailing reservoir
temperature and pressure to the volume of gas at
standard conditions.
Reservoir Fluid Properties
Shrinkage
Shrinkage is the inverse of the formation volume factor
for oil, and represents the difference between the
volume of oil in the reservoir and its volume when
produced to the surface (standard pressure and
temperature. The value of shrinkage is generally
between 0.5 and 1. The change in volume is due to
solution gas coming out of the oil as the pressure
decreases.
Reservoir Fluid Sampling
Sampling of Reservoir Fluids
• The purpose of sampling is to obtain a representative
sample of reservoir fluid identical to the initial reservoir
fluid.
Downhole
DST strings
Wireline sample
Surface
Wellhead samples
Separator samples
Sub-surface sampling for Oil Reservoirs
momentum Gauge
absorber
Inlet Gas
Outlet
Sight Liquid
Glass Outlet
Recombination of surface Sample
• Isothermal Flash
• Constant Composition Expansion (CCE)
• Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)
• Differential Vaporisation (Liberation) (DV)
Isothermal Flash
• The Isothermal Flash is the basis for most laboratory PVT experiments
• The flash results in a change in total volume and may result in phase
changes
Constant Composition Expansion (CCE)
Vapour
Vapour
Black Volatile
Oil Oil
Volume
Volume
Pb Pressure Pb Pressure
Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)
Vapour
Vapour
Vapour Vapour
Vapour
Vapour Vapour
Psat P1 P1 P2 P2
Differential Vaporisation (DV)
Vapour
Vapour
Vapour Vapour
Psat P1 P1 P2 P2
The liquid remaining at the last pressure step is cooled to ambient
temperature to give the residual oil
DV Reported Data
• Oil volume
• Oil density
• Oil formation volume factor, Bo
• Gas specific gravity
• Gas Z-factor
• Gas formation volume factor, Bg
• Evolved gas volumes
• Solution GOR, Rs
• Shrinkage of oil
Example
Results of Differential Liberation
Pressure Two phase Single phase Gas Vol at surface
Psia (oil+gas) Volume (oil)Volume temp. and
Cc at 150 0F Cc at 150 0F pressure
cc
2000 20 20
1800 (BP) 20.9 20.9
1400 24 19 595
1000 25 18.1 585
600 26.8 16.9 590
300 30 15.7 580
atm 650
Room Temp 800F, and pressure 13.9 psi, Volume of oil received
after experiment at atmospheric condition is 13.5 cc
Density of Oil at atmospheric condition 0.8112
Calculate all PVT Parameters (FVF, Soln GOR, Lib GOR, Z factor,
shrinkage factor)
Example
Results of Differential Liberation
Pressure Two phase Single phase Gas Vol at surface Gas Vol at
Psia (oil+gas) Volume (oil)Volume temp. and STP
Cc at 150 0F Cc at 150 0F pressure cc
cc
2000 20 20
1800 (BP) 20.9 20.9 541
1400 24 19 595 532
1000 25 18.1 585 537
600 26.8 16.9 590 528
300 30 15.7 580 591
atm 650
Room Temp 800F, and pressure 13.9 psi, Volume of oil received
after experiment at atmospheric condition is 13.5 cc
Density of Oil at atmospheric condition 0.8112
Calculate all PVT Parameters (FVF, Soln GOR, Lib GOR, Z factor,
shrinkage factor)
Example
Results of Differential Liberation
Pressure Two phase Single phase Gas Vol at
Psia (oil+gas) (oil)Volume STP
Volume Cc at 150 0F cc
Cc at 150 0F Soln Lib
FVF GOR GOR
2000 20 20 1.4815 202.3 0
1800 (BP) 20.9 20.9 202.3 0
1.5481
1400 24 19 541
1.4074 162.2 40.1
1000 25 18.1 532
600 26.8 16.9 537 1.3407 122.7 79.5
300 30 15.7 528 1.2519 82.9 119.
atm 14.65 591 1.1630 43.8 158.5
1.0852 0 202.3
Exercise
Exercise
Constant Composition Expansion
Pressure psi Vol cc
2620 74.6
2300 75
2150 75.1
2050 75.3
2000 75.9
1900 77.8
1800 79.8
1700 82
Exercise
Res temp oC 98.55
Room temp oF 76.46
Rm press psi 13.56
final oil volume 56.1
wt of air 0.0012233
Density of oil 0.8379
Pr, psi Pr Kg/c V=O+G V=O Gas Gas gr
2620 184.21 74.609 74.609 0
2300 161.71 74.969 74.969 0
2050 Pb 144.13 75.319 75.319 0
1700 119.52 82.421 72.950 1092 1.0552
1300 91.40 83.236 70.625 1058 1.0393
900 63.28 86.367 68.238 1064 0.9465
500 35.15 97.299 66.266 1030 0.9954
200 14.06 130.528 64.540 959 1.1453
Atm #VALUE! 1318 1.6223
Exercise
Res temp oC 98.55
Room temp oF 76.46
Rm press psi 13.56
final oil volume 56.1
wt of air 0.0012233
Density of oil 0.8379
Pr, psi Pr Kg/c V=O+G V=O G Rm G STP
2620 184.21 74.609 74.609 0
2300 161.71 74.969 74.969 0
2050 Pb 144.13 75.319 75.319 0
1700 119.52 82.421 72.950 1092 972.4916
1300 91.40 83.236 70.625 1058 946.0063
900 63.28 86.367 68.238 952.01
1064
500 35.15 97.299 66.266 921.2793
1030
200 14.06 130.528 64.540 857.4858
959
Atm #VALUE! 1177.299
1318
Exercise
Differential Liberation Studies
(Pressure vs Volume Relationship at Reservoir Temperature 98.5 °C)
PRESSURE
(psig) (kg/cm2) OIL FVF GAS FVF
(Bo) Bg. * 10-3 1/Bg
(v/v) (v/v)
2620 184.21 1.3299 - -
2300 161.71 1.3363 - -
2050 144.13 1.3426 - -
1700 119.52 1.3004 9.74 102.681
1300 91.40 1.2589 13.33 75.014
900 63.28 1.2164 19.04 52.513
500 35.15 1.1812 33.68 29.687
200 14.06 1.1504 76.95 12.994
Exercise
Differential Liberation Studies
(Pressure vs GOR & Z factor at Reservoir Temperature 98.5 °C)
PRESSURE Z
(psig) (kg/cm2) SOLUTION LIBERATED FACTOR
GOR (v/v) GOR (v/v)
2620* 184.21 103.86 0
2300 161.71 103.86 0
2050 144.13 103.86 0
1700 119.52 86.52 17.33 0.8824
1300 91.40 69.66 34.19 0.9261
900 63.28 52.69 51.16 0.9204
500 35.15 36.27 67.58 0.9161
200 14.06 20.98 82.87 0.8731
Atm - 0 103.86
Pressure vs FVF (Bo)
Pressure vs Gas formation volume factor (Bg)
Pressure vs GOR
Exercise
Weight of oil = Density of oil + (Vol of gas × sp gr of gas × 0.001223)
1.
2.
Experimental Records
Presentation of the results
3.
Bubble Point Pressure
2 3 Bg
Bo
1/
Bg
Oil Formation volume
Factor Gas Formation volume
Factor
4 5
7
6
Pressure vs oil density
.Pressure vs sp.gr. gas