RESEARCH PROJECT

AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION

AND LABOUR FORCE

Ankit Bhardwaj
MBA, April -2020
School of Business Management
 CONTENTS

• Defining Project Title

• Objectives of Research
• Review of Literature
• Research Methodology

• Women Labor Force Participation Rate

• Gender Parity Index In Education
• Share Of Women In Teaching Profession

• Recommendations

Ankit Bhardwaj 2
 DEFINING PROJECT TITLE

• An analysis of Gender gap in Education and Labor force.

• Women's empowerment is a movement involving respect,

honor and recognition toward all Wome.n

• Indian constitution has given equal rights to women but the

society has assigned subordinate role to them.

• Gender biasness in India exits in many levels as in

Education, Social, Economic and Opportunities for women.

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 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

• To analyze the gender equality and share of women in

Labor force in India.

• To understand the level of equality among girls and boys

in Education.

• To examine the gender equality and share of women in

Teaching profession.

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 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• Makota Mamta (2014) emphasizes upon the aspects which determines women
empowerment. Some of them are increase in self-esteem, individual and collective
confidence, increase in articulation, knowledge and awareness on health, nutrition
reproductive rights law and literacy and increase in personal leisure time for child
care.

• Duflo E. (2011) brought light upon connection between Women’s empowerment

and economic development in his study. Development alone can play a major role in
driving down inequality between men and women and in the other direction,
empowering women may benefit development.

• Devi Rama T (2016) highlighted about the women’s participation in Labor force,
level of enrollment of girls in education and about the participation of women in
politics in India. By keeping the status of women empowerment and its determinants
in India, the author made an attempt to present some of the inequalities that exist in
our country.

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research design is defined as a framework of methods and

techniques chosen by a researcher in a reasonably logical manner so
that the research problem is efficiently handled.

• It provides insights about “how” to conduct research using a

particular methodology.

• Present study is based upon secondary type of data which has been
collected from secondary sources.

• It is collected from Journals, Magazines, including the reports and

documents of Ministry of Human Resource Development.

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 WOMEN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE
45 42.7
42
40

35 32.6
31.2 31.1
30
(In Percentage)

2 4.89 25.01 2 4.84 2 4.67

25

20

15

10

0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Source: National family Health Survey -4,World Bank-ILO.

• The overall LFPR stood at 49.8 per cent in 2017-18, falling sharply from 55.9 per cent in 2011-
12. So there is decline in the overall LFPR which further led to decrease in Women’s LFPR.

•Care Economy in India means the burden of household works is more upon women with men
comparison. It give rise to time poverty as much time goes on household works and deprived
from time give rise to income poverty where women can not do any income generating work
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 GENDER PARITY INDEX IN EDUCATION
G P I T ren d (In P ercen tage)

1.2

1.05
1.02 1.01
0.99
1
0.92
0.88 0.86

0.8 0.74 2010-11

2011-12
0.6 2012-13
2013-14
0.4
2014-15
2015-16
0.2

0
Elementary Education Secondary Education Sr. - Sec. Education Higher Education
Source: Educational Statistics - At a Glance – 2018, MHRD, Government of India. (In Percentage)

•The Gender Parity Index (GPI) is the ratio of the number of female students enrolled at primary,
secondary and tertiary levels of education to the corresponding number of male student in each
level. GPI is gradually increasing at each level of education which is a good sign.

•Government efforts like opening of schools in the neighborhood, provision of free text-books,
free uniforms to all girls up to Class VIII. Provision of gender segregated toilets ,teachers’
programmes to promote girls’ participation, Self-Defence training for the girls are some of the
policies responsible for GPI growth. Ankit Bhardwaj 8
 SHARE OF WOMEN IN TEACHING PROFESSION
120

105
100

83
80
72 73
64 2010-
11
60
2011-
12

40 2014-
15
2015-
16
20

0
Primary School Upper Primary School Secondary Education Sr. - Sec. Education Higher Education
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India (Number of female teachers per 100 male teachers)

•The above graph illustrates that overall ratio of female teachers per 100 male teachers
individually is increasing for all five levels of education but it also decreasing as we move
towards higher education.
•Government schemes such as operation blackboard where it is made mandatory to reserve 50%
of seats for women for any teacher and other measures like bringing awareness in the society are
majorly responsible for the growth. Ankit Bhardwaj 9
 RECOMENDATIONS
• The first and foremost priority should be given to the education of women,
which is the grassroots problem. Improving the current GPI must be the prime
focus of Government.

• Women should be allowed to work and should be provided enough safety and
support to work. They should be provided with proper wages and work at par
with men so that their status can be elevated in the society. Only by these
measures the current Women LFPR can be uplifted.

• Empowerment of Women could only be achieved if their economic and social

status is improved. The government have an opportunity to increase the number
of women in teaching profession. So if an empowered women shapes the future
of country then nothing can stop the prosperity

• This could only be possible by adopting definite social and economic policies
with a view of total development of women and to make them realize that they
have the potential to be strong human beings.
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